Standardized Tests Have Been Criticized Education Essay Free Essays

string(112) focus on how great English is applied over the course of study rather than the substance nation itself. In California, evaluation of ELLs normally happens so as to ensure that progressing instructive examples are run intoing the students ‘ requests. Both area and nearby testing are of import since they non only flexibly answerability, yet next to show understudy achievement. At the point when evaluation portfolios are incorporated, schools can place and run into the requests of a different student populace that incorporates ELLs ( O’Malley A ; Pierce, 1996 ) . We will compose a custom exposition test on Government sanctioned Tests Have Been Criticized Education Essay or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The expectation of the portfolio plan must be acceptable built up preceding its execution on the grounds that the portfolio ‘s purpose will discover what sort of work ought to be incorporated. For delineation, if portfolios are to be utilized simply for schoolroom examination, they may so pack in only one nation of etymological correspondence improvement, for example, jargon. Assuming, by and by, the portfolios are intended to demo an ELL ‘s developing in both English and the able issue nations, so the portfolio ought to incorporate representations of how great an Ell can use English in these nations rather than the substance itself. For outline, stuff assembled should demo how great an ELL has taken in the logical order jargon and semantics expected to comprehend logical control books, non how great the understudy can execute a particular trial ( Gomez, 1999 ) . Both the teacher and the students should make up one’s psyche what sorts of stuff to remember for the portfolio. Remembering the ELL understudy for the dynamic method will offer to a greater extent a â€Å" purchase in † by the student. Moreover, this will do the entire strategy more understudy focused, which will rouse the student to take more obligation for their obtaining. Perusing †the examination of perusing incorporates an expansive combination of constituents. Both the educator and the student will want a combination of bits of understudy work included. The educator may want to include: 1. ) Runing records 2. ) Reading stock records, and 3. ) Similar advances using ELL text. Cloze exercisings may other than be remembered that point of convergence for jargon and language structure. Cloze exercisings are especially of import since they can show how great a student can prognosticate the accompanying word when perusing analogs degrees of capability ( Gomez, 1999 ) . A student may want to take understanding logs, book studies, and understanding reactions. Both the educator and the understudy may want to incorporate narrating that incorporates testing. Understudies should to the full comprehend that the teacher will be searching for advancement and higher perusing capability to occur, and this must be clear in the portfolio from the earliest starting point to the terminal of the evaluation. The utilization of rubrics and agendas will help both the understudy and the educator. The student will benefit when the person in question comprehends the principles expected to bring through an endeavor, while the educator will have the option to flexibly progressively predictable scaling inside the schoolroom. Composing †Of all the etymological correspondence shows joined, making is likely one out of the most straightforward to report in a portfolio scene. A wide range of creation, including those that exhibit grade degree capability, can be remembered for an evaluation portfolio. Moreover, standards set up through distributed region models can incorporate non just drawings and basic phonetic correspondence exercisings for the early essential classs however close to journals, papers, and further developed research archives at the lesser and senior secondary school degrees. Portfolios can be utilized to demo understudies ‘ developing in making as their jargon develops. In add-on, numerous civic establishments utilize various strategies and signifiers of rationale while providing data and delineating things or condition of affairss. This is simple perceived in an understudy ‘s initiation. This is especially valid for ELLs who are educated in their L1. Portfolios can other than measure an ELL ‘s capability and dread of making shows when language structure exercisings, spelling preliminaries, and independent vocabularies are incorporated ( Gomez, 1999 ) . So as to show developing, teachers must incorporate creating tests from the earliest starting point, in the middle of, and terminal of the term or school twelvemonth. Once more, rubrics and agendas ought to be incorporated to help both the understudy and the educator. As referenced before, the two rubrics and agendas will do standpoints clear for the student, while leting the teacher to gauge and rate all the more methodicallly inside the general schoolroom condition. Talking †Speaking is only here and there remembered for portfolios in light of the fact that numerous teachers think that its difficult to recount discourse creation characteristics. In add-on, many may reason that simply subjective informations, rather than quantitative informations can be accumulated to quantify address. Nonetheless, it is as yet conceivable to recognize developing in talking achievements if the educator has distinguished talking/discourse closes. The teacher can quantify a student ‘s address during either an investigation or introduction given before the classification while understudies are working in supports or in a purposeful procurement condition. Once more, the two rubrics and agendas ought to be utilized by the teacher so as to show discourse creation achievements and developing. Listening †For indistinguishable grounds from discourse creation, numerous educators reject tuning in as an assessable constituent inside a portfolio. Be that as it may, with more ease than is required for discourse creation, a teacher can quantify hearing achievements through increasingly various organizations. For outline, students can be called upon to respond to an unwritten introduction or account. Here understudies would make the reaction subsequent to holding painstakingly tuned in to either an account or introduction. In this situation, a â€Å" entire phonetic correspondence † assault would be utilized to delineate the cardinal focuses heard and comprehended from an introduction or account. Transcripts of medicines between different students could other than be remembered for an understudy ‘s portfolio. The Content Areas †Aside from the consideration of the phonetic correspondence humanistic controls, teachers can other than benefit by including work from the substance nations. Educators can take two assaults for the evaluation and the incorporation of the substance nations in a portfolio. Initially, teachers might be worried that their ELL students can utilize their etymological correspondence achievements in the substance nations. On the off chance that this were the occurrence, so educators ought to incorporate delineations that show how great any ELL student can use English in these nations. Here, educators would focus on how great English is applied over the course of study rather than the substance nation itself. You read State sanctioned Tests Have Been Criticized Education Essay in class Exposition models While numerous teachers have made light of the consideration of listening achievements inside a semantic correspondence expressions portfolio, they would, on the different manus, be concerned their ELL understudies can comprehend unwritten directions and records of math in English. To facilitate this assault, an ELL educator should encourage their ELL students to take notes during a math teacher ‘s unwritten introduction/clarification of a math work. These notes would be accumulated in stretches over clasp from the earliest starting point to the terminal of the term or school twelvemonth. On the different manus, and especially in the upper classs, teachers may want to focus on how great their Ell understudies can get the drape develops in logical control, math, and cultural surveies. Rating and evaluation of a portfolio can be a lot simpler in the substance nations in light of the fact that there is much of the time just one right answer in the logical orders and math. Albeit different decision requests regularly show up on a cultural surveies test, often a more extravagant anxiety of the theme ‘s substance will be required, and therefore, must be shown in either a short answer or passage length reaction. In this situation, an ELL student will be required to non only guide great in English, yet next to get capability in the substance nations. Once more, this partition between semantic correspondence capability and competent undertaking skill limits as ELL students register toward the upper classs. In a math portfolio, students can incorporate everyday work and endeavors isolated over clasp. In a perfect world, everyday work ought to other than demo how word employments have improved critical thinking achievements. It is of import that self-evaluation be remembered for a math portfolio. In a logical control portfolio, an ELL student ought to incorporate representations of their trials, studies, and endeavors. A picture went with a short record can be subbed at whatever point an endeavor or investigation is either unnecessarily cumbrous or two long for incorporation in a portfolio. Self-evaluation ought to be utilized to demo the understudy how they have encountered developing and picked up insight in logical order. Day by day work isolated additional time ought to be assembled that exhibits how cognizance has been acquired through a logical control text version. In a cultural surveies portfolio, ELL understudies could follow a similar arrangement as they would for both a math and logical control portfolio. They would, by and by, flexibly increasingly composed reactions to data accumulated from text and related articles. Reports and endeavors could other than be remembered for a cultural surveies portfolio. Keep in head, by and by, that it is of import that the work be isolated into stretches dispersed over clasp, from the earliest starting point to the terminal of the term or

Components And Systems Operations Of Turbine Enginesâ€Free Samples

Question: Examine About The Components And Systems Operations Of Turbine Engines? Answer: Introducation A turbine motor involves a few segments and frameworks and this audit means to give a short depiction of the different frameworks and their method of activity. The frameworks that make up a turbine motor are enlistment, fire recognition frameworks, motor overheat, instrumentation, exhaust, cooling, charging, beginning, electrical, oil, start, water infusion, fuel metering, and fuel conveyance (Anderson, 2009). The enlistment framework is utilized to flexibly high vitality, bending free air to the blower to forestall slowing down of the blower and keep up the interior temperature of the motor. It ought to likewise be equipped for conveying the majority of the weight recouped from the air to the motor with least loss of weight. It can have a fixed or variable geometry. The turbines capacity to convey the necessary push relies upon the capacity of the fuel conveyance framework to differ the fuel stream to the burning chamber. In the event that the fuel is provided in overabundance, at that point it brings about rich victory condition and on the off chance that the provided fuel is lower than the necessity, at that point it brings about lean vanish condition the two of which ought to be maintained a strategic distance from (Anderson, 2009). Fuel siphons are utilized to convey the necessary fuel for the activity of the motor at the ideal weight in order to acquire exact spout splash and fuel guideline. They can be gathered into variable and consistent removal frameworks. A fuel radiator is required to warm the fuel since lingering water in the fuel tank freezes when the fuel in the tank cools to 32 C or lower. In this manner shielding the fuel from ice arrangement. The fuel controllers are shielded from sullying utilizing a high weight fuel channel (Anderson, 2009). Other control gadgets and fuel siphon are ensured utilizing a low weight channel introduced between the fuel framework and the flexibly tanks. Most regularly utilized channels are plain screen work channel, wafer screen channel and micron channel. Fuel stream meters are utilized to decide the fuel utilization; they are likewise used to think about the productive activity of the motor. Fuel Nozzles are utilized to infuse fuel into the ignition chamber in an exact and profoundly atomized way so the consuming happens in the littlest of space inside the most limited timespan (Anderson, 2009). On the off chance that the fuel isn't equitably circulated, at that point the fire may consume the liners and make problem areas in the ignition chamber. Simplex and duplex designs are two sorts of spouts typically utilized. The fuel is isolated into essential and primary manifolds utilizing the forcing valves and the cut off gave by this valve keeps the fuel from spilling into the complex by means of the fuel spout (Anderson, 2009). Hydro-mechanical and electronic frameworks are the two fundamental gatherings of fuel control (Greatrix, 2012). The hydro-mechanical framework comprises of metering frameworks, criticism or follow-up gadgets, sleeve and pilot valves, servo frameworks, and speed governors (Greatrix, 2012). Though, electronic fuel control frameworks comprise of solenoids, switches, electrical servo frameworks, transfers, thermocouples, and intensifiers. Water infusion frameworks are utilized to expand the motor push and to lessen the hot area temperature by infusing water into motor diffuser case and permits higher fuel course through cooling guideline. Start frameworks are utilized during the beginning period of a motor normally a capacitor type start framework is utilized for touching off the fuel utilizing a high warmth power sparkle (Greatrix, 2012). It incorporates two high pressure drives, two middle of the road start drives, two transformers and two exciter units (Greatrix, 2012). Turbine motors utilized both wet and dry sump oil frameworks and is utilized to guarantee appropriate temperatures are looked after (Greatrix, 2012). Direction and riggings are greased up utilizing pressure siphons and rummage siphons are utilized to restore the oil back to the oil tank. Oil planes mounted close to each bearing is likewise used to grease up the orientation. Carbon seals are utilized to give fixed territories to grease to happen. Oil coolers are utilized to chill off the oil after grease. Drain air framework is utilized to give drain air to blower soundness, cooling, leeway and different frameworks. Hostile to ice framework is utilized to give insurance against development of ice in the bay. A starter framework is utilized to begin the blower in order to turn over the turbine motor utilizing electric, air turbine or burning starters (Kroes and Wild, 2010). Cooling framework cools the motor by either passing a fluid coolant through the coat encompassing the chamber or by ignoring air the balances connected to the chamber (Kroes and Wild, 2010). Fumes gas are discharged utilizing as fumes channel gave in the tailpipe or the fumes pipe along these lines interfacing the fly spout to the outlet. The motor tasks are controlled utilizing the instrumentation bunch which incorporate fire cautioning pointers, push reverser sign, power plant ice insurance sign, vibration sign, motor starter sign, fuel heat sign, fuel channel approaching detour sign, oil channel sidestep sign, ai r temperature marker, fuel delta pressure pointer, oil quality pointer, motor oil temperature pointer, motor oil pressure marker, fuel stream pointer, fumes gas temperature pointer, tachometer, torque meter and motor weight proportion pointer (Kroes and Wild, 2010). References Anderson, K. (2009). Impetus Plant Accident Investigation. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Greatrix. D.R. (2012). Gas Turbine Engines: Fundamentals. In: Powered Flight. London: Springer Kroes, M.J. also, Wild, T.W. (2010). Airplane Powerplants (Aviation Technology Series). New Delhi, new Delhi: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Who Should Not Apply to SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Who Should Not Apply to SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A lot of my blog posts focus on the myriad of wonderful opportunities SIPA has to offer and how no matter your policy interest, the SIPA experience can make all your professional dreams come true! While this is certainly the case for a wide variety of people, SIPA is not the right fit for everyone. Below are examples of 5 types of people who should NOT be applying to SIPA. You have little or no professional experience. While it’s true that SIPA admits a small percentage (roughly 10%) of applicants directly from undergrad, these are people with significant work or internship experience.   Not only does a lack of experience diminish your chances of acceptance, but it’s not a good idea for you. One of the most important pieces of SIPA is gaining the skills and experience you need to propel you forward in your career, and if you haven’t even began a career, it’s hard to know what those are.   Additionally, a lot of the practical strategies as well as the more theoretical work we do in classes asks us to draw on previous work experience and apply case studies to our own work and life.   You won’t get as much out of your SIPA education if you don’t have these experiences to draw on. You have no idea what you want to do when you graduate.   Similar to the above, it’s difficult to use a SIPA education to move your career forward if you don’t know where you want to go. That’s not to say you need to know exactly what you want to do after SIPA but you should have a good idea of what you’re passionate about and the kinds of careers that might interest you.  If you are having trouble articulating this in your personal statement, perhaps you should think about gaining another year or two of professional experience before you apply.   A graduate degree is a big investment both in terms of time and money, so you want to make sure it’s something that you need, either personally or professionally, before you make that commitment.  Although many students get their second masters at SIPA, or do a dual degree program these moves are best planned strategically.   Think how frustrating it would be to spend two years at SIPA only to realize that what you really needed was a law degree. You have trouble interacting with people with different perspectives.   Even as public policy schools go, SIPA is remarkably diverse.   Not only does half of our student body come from non-US countries, we are economically and racially diverse even within our US population (and always striving to be more so).   Just as importantly we attract students with all different experiences and points of view.   If you cannot discuss hot button public or foreign policy issues, such as the Israel-Palestine conflict, domestic health policy and poverty alleviation with people who have drastically different opinions than your own without losing your cool, these are skills you need to hone before entering our program. You are interested in gaining a purely academic or theoretical background.   Our MIA and MPA differ distinctly from a Masters in Political Science.   There is plenty of opportunity to study theory at SIPA whether it be in international relations, education or just about any topic you can think of, but the programs at SIPA are primarily professional degrees.   Like an MBA or law degree, they are meant to prepare practitioners to work in their chosen field.   Although a limited number of SIPA students do go on to pursue PhDs, that is not what our programs are geared toward.   If you know right now you want to go into theory or academia, you might want to consider a Master degree in political science, economics or another field of interest. You are unwilling or unable to do the work.   If this seems to you like it should be obvious, it does to me too.   Yet weve gotten dozens of emails from applicants asking if we can waive graduation or admissions requirements, if they have to do a capstone workshop or if they can graduate early before they’ve even been admitted.   Although SIPA does offer advanced standing for students who already hold graduate degrees, we want students who want to be here.     I want classmates who want to be here. Even in classes that I dreaded taking and that didn’t apply directly to my job (hello econ!) I still learned something.   There’s a reason these courses are required.   Most SIPA students have significant professional experience so although your experience might be valid or great, it does not exempt you from jumping through the same hoops as your classmates.   If this work doesn’t appeal to you now or you don’t think you can make the time to complete the application requirements, what makes you think the work will be appealing or that you’ll have more time in the future?   There is no shame in researching a school’s curriculum and realizing it’s not for you. These things all said, I do hope you apply.   SIPA can mean a lot of things to a lot of different students with a variety of goals and if it sounds like our school might be the place for you I invite you to explore this blog, our admissions website or to attend an information session and talk with us further! Post contributed by Nancy Leeds.   Nancy is a MPA 2nd Year studying Urban and Social Policy/Management with a Certificate in Gender Policy

My First Day At The United States Army - 1211 Words

â€Å"Get off the God Damn bus privates!† Those words were the first sounds I heard as I stepped off that old white bus that day. Today was my first day to becoming a soldier in the United States Army. The date was July 12, 2013. I was only an 18 year old teenager who wanted nothing more in life than to follow in the footsteps of my great grandfather. My great grandfather had raised me and inspired me for this journey I was about to take part in. This was the day I would start basic training. I was feeling more anxious than ever. Don’t even get me started on how nervous I was. I had never been away from home more than a few days, and here I was about to embark on a two month long journey I knew close to nothing about. I can still remember to†¦show more content†¦We were all lined up and waiting patiently as big white buses came to a screeching stop in front of us. We were then instructed to grab our things and begin filing onto the bus one by one. The bus ride wasn’t too long, but it was long enough for some doubt and regret to creep into my consciousness. I looked around at everyone’s faces and they seemed to be thinking the same thing I was, and they all had frowns on their faces. I then noticed these men in the distance wearing a weird brown rounded hat. They all were broad shouldered, middle aged men and they were all standing in a line appearing eager. These men were known as drill sergeants. They were supposed to be the ‘meanest of the mean’. These drill sergeants were the men whose task was to shape teenagers into soldiers. The bus came to a sudden stop in front of the drill sergeants, and all of the sudden it felt as if a shot of electricity jolted down my spine. I knew that this was the last stop the bus would be making today and I was going to be forced to get off of the bus. As the bus stopped there was commotion at the front of the bus. We saw what seemed to be the largest out of the group of drill s ergeants getting onto the bus. â€Å"Get off the God Damn bus privates† yelled the large drill sergeant. You could tell he seemed angry by the tone in his voice. He must have been every bit of 6’8†, and 280 pounds. We all hustled of the

The Issue Of Teen Pregnancy - 1082 Words

I suppose no one ever really expects things to happen to them until they actually happen. At least, that’s how I viewed things until I got pregnant with my first and only child at fifteen years old. It’s almost exactly the way they portray it in Hollywood movies and television shows and books. Although, unlike those books and shows, I never lost any friends from this experience. I will say that people are much more understanding nowadays. Still, no one is ever really ready to be a mom, especially at fifteen. Statistics say that seven out of ten girls that get pregnant while still in high school will drop out. Seventy percent of girls will drop out of school. In 2013, 273,105 babies were born to girls aged 15-19. That’s a terrifying number, but teen pregnancy rates are lower than ever before. Being part of the thirty percent that made it through high school, I will say one thing: the reason I made it through all four years (that’s right, there was never a moment of my high school career in which I was never a parent) was because I never saw myself doing anything else. The opportunity for school was always there. I was and still am one of the lucky few that have the opportunity for education, unlike many other countries where girls are condemned from schooling. I always knew I was going to college, and sure enough, I am the first person in my immediate family to attend a four-year university. My mother got pregnant at seventeen years old and had to drop out of high school.Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1722 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishing her equality and worth in the eyes of her male counterpart. But although she may have broken many barriers and achieved great accomplishments, there are still some deep rooted issues which continue to affect her in a most insidious manner. One of the issues that women face in the United States is teen pregnancy which is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. The rates ar e still higher than they were only a decade ago. Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenagerRead MoreThe Issue of Teen Pregnancy1458 Words   |  6 PagesTeen pregnancy The issue of teen pregnancy is a fact that can no longer be overlooked in terms of its magnitude in the society today. Despite the widespread sex education and peer counseling and guidance, there still is a wide prevalence of teen pregnancy, a challenge that does not only affect the teenagers but the society at large. Effects of teen pregnancy The aspect of teen pregnancy is one of the most challenging situations to be in as a young person as it could interrupt flow of schoolRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesled to fewer teen births. It is thought to be that when teens tune into the show, they learn to practice safer sex. â€Å"16 and Pregnant† was named one of the best ways to campaign about the issue of teen pregnancy. The show was a way to attack the issue of teen pregnancy head on. Comparing to all fully developed countries, the U.S, has the highest rates of teen pregnancy. This was seen as a major problem to many that was aware of the problem. Even though the number of teen pregnancies was high, thereRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1391 Words   |  6 Pagesyear. At least sixty percent of pregnancies result in births, thirty percent are abortions, and fifteen percent are miscarriages. About twenty-five percent of teen moms have another child within twenty four months of t heir first kid. Teen pregnancy is a problem in many parts of the world. But the United States has the highest teen pregnancy rate among any other country. Only about fifty percent of teen moms actually graduate high school, and less than two percent of teen moms earn a college degree byRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1739 Words   |  7 Pagesbaby. In developed countries like the United States of America, Great Britain, Canada, France and Sweden all deal with teenage pregnancies. The only difference between these countries is the percentage of teen pregnancy each country has. Each country has similar methods of birth control, and the only difference is the rate between all five developed countries. Teen pregnancy is a major concern in today’s society; there are many limiting reasons that do not allow people to access contraceptives, andRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : A Social Issue1371 Words   |  6 PagesTeen pregnancy is a very controversial social issue and the vast major ity of Americans consider the outrageous rate of teen pregnancies a severe issue, certainly a problematic occurrence that is believed to be a moral decline in our country. Teenagers are physiologically capable of reproducing but not emotionally or financially prepared to be parents at such a tender age. Through various research studies a plethora of determinants has pin pointed teens unprecedented pregnancies. One cause of thisRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Is A Serious Issue982 Words   |  4 PagesThe social issue I will be addressing throughout my paper is teen pregnancy. The term teen pregnancy is referring to teens between the ages of 13-19 who become pregnant (Akella Jordan, 2015). Despite the fact that teen pregnancy rates have dropped within the past twenty years, United States continues to have the highest rates of teen pregnancy in comparison to all other developed nations ( Akella Jordan, 2015). Teen pregnancy is a serious issue for a multiplicity of reasons. A teenager w ho hasRead MoreControlling the Issue of Teen Pregnancy635 Words   |  3 PagesTeen pregnancy is a problem that is plaguing the U.S., as well as other countries. This social problem affects teens of every ethnic and economic background. Before we discuss what some organizations are doing to help, let’s look at some of statistics surrounding teen pregnancy. Even though this is a serious problem, the good news is that teen birth rates in the United States have dropped almost continuously since the early 1990s — including a six percent drop from 2011 to 2012 — further decreasingRead MoreThe Social Issue Regarding Teen Pregnancy756 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose: The social issue regarding teen pregnancy is still very prevalent in the United States. Teen pregnancy is a huge issue because it is known to have a negative effect on the mother and most importantly the child. An initial study was conducted on two teenage mothers prior to having their child. The researcher wanted to further investigate the same population for a better understanding of teenage motherhood. The purpose of case study was to examine the perceptions of two adolescent mothersRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Is Becoming More Of An Issue992 Words   |  4 PagesTeen pregnancy is becoming more of an issue in young Americans nowadays as we are the generation starting this we must attempt to slow down the process. Pregnancy is the period from conception to birth. After the egg is fertilized by a sperm and then implanted in the lining of the uterus later developing into a placenta and embryo to become a fetus and grow (the free dictionary). The miracle of life; teens seem to be experiencing this way to early on in life; Statistics show that in 2013 a total

The Prevalence Of Barretts Esophagus Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Gastro esophageal reflux disease is the chief known etiologic factor for Barrette Esophagus, and BE is the precursor lesion of esophageal glandular cancer. The prevalence of BE is reported largely from gastroenterology centres and few informations are reported from outpatients with indigestion. Lots of patients with GERD have grades of indigestion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prevalence Of Barretts Esophagus Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This survey chiefly aims to find the prevalence of BE in dyspeptic patients. Material and methods: outpatients holding indigestion refer to endoscopy unit for endoscopy. Meanwhile the endoscopist takes biopsy of distal gorge. Barrett ‘s esophagus diagnosing will be find based on the endoscopic unnatural visual aspect of the distal gorge and besides based on Intestinal Metaplasia ( IM ) pathologic position. Consequences: the prevalence of BE was 5.4 % ( based on endoscopy ) and 3.7 % ( base on pathology ) . 69 % of patients with confirmed BE were gt ; 50 old ages and 31 % were lt ; 50 old ages. 81 % of patients with confirmed BE reported GERD symptoms as their dominant indigestion symptom, but consequence is merely 20.4 % in patients without BE ( p value lt ; 0.001 ) . Decision: BE has a comparatively high prevalence in dyspeptic patients. The prevalence of GERD symptoms in BE emphasizes the demand for making endoscopy for dyspeptic patient. Cardinal words: Barrett Esophagus, Endoscopy, Heartburn, Pathology Introduction Prevalence of gastro esophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) is raising along with the prevalence of Barrett ‘s gorge ( BE ) and esophageal glandular cancer ( 1 ) . GERD is the chief known etiologic factor for BE, and BE is the precursor lesion of esophageal glandular cancer ( 2 ) . Adenocarcinoma of gorge is normally a locally turning tumour and it invades next variety meats and cause deadly complications ( 3 ) . BE is defined as altering the liner of distal gorge that can be recognized with endoscopy and is documented by presence of gablet cells and other standards for IM in biopsies taken during the endoscopy ( 4 ) . Hiatus hernia, fleshiness and presence of helicobacter pylori in gastro enteric piece of land are some of the hazard factors for BE ( 5, 6 ) . These factors are believed to increase BE by increasing acerb reflux. Many gastroenterologists make the diagnosing of BE by endoscopy and corroborate it with presence of IM in biopsies taken from the gorge ( 2 ) . The standard for endoscopy is the Presence of chronic GERD after ingestion of proton gaudery inhibitor or acerb suppressers for at least 4 hebdomads ( 7 ) . Association of BE with glandular cancer is the chief factor that thrust physicians to endoscopically measure GERD patients ( 8-11 ) . BE is found in 2 % of big population and 3-5 % of GERD patients ( 2 ) . The overall prevalence of BE in patients with chronic GERD is 3-12 % ( 8, 10, 11 ) .The prevalence of BE is reported largely from gastroenterology centres and few informations are reported from outpatients with indigestion. If we consider the coexistence of GERD with indigestion in many patients, the demand to measure dyspeptic patients for BE will be highlighted ( 10 ) . This present study is aimed specifically to show the prevalence of BE in dyspeptic outpatients and to research possible hazard factors for its presence. It besides determines the efficaciousness of GI endoscopy to name BE in the selected population. Material and methods: This is a prospective survey on Outpatients of GI clinic who were over 18 old ages old and had a primary ailment of at least 3 months of indigestion ( intermittent or uninterrupted ) and have been conducted during 2007-2011, after the approve of Kashan University of medical Sciences Ethic commission. We defined dyspepsia as composite of uncomfortableness or hurting in epigastric part ( with or without acerb regurgitation ) , inordinate belch or belching, abdominal bloating, early repletion or feeling of unnatural or slow digestion or pyrosis ( 10 ) . Patients who had a documented history of upper GI surgery, a clinical probe of indigestion by endoscopy or radiology ( in the old 6 months ) or on more than two occasions in the past 10 old ages, and used proton pump inhibitors within 30 yearss or H2-receptor adversaries within 14 yearss of registration excluded from the survey. Out of the outpatients enroll ; those who consented orally to an endoscopy enter our survey, and refer to endoscopy unit of shahid beheshti infirmary, a cardinal infirmary in Kashan. Of the enrolled outpatients, informations on age, sex, nationality, weight and tallness, presence and laterality of GERD symptoms and continuance of dyspeptic symptoms will be record in separate signifier. The presence of BE will measure in two ways: endoscopically, and histologically. Barrett ‘s esophagus diagnosing will be made based on the endoscopic unnatural visual aspect of the distal gorge. If there was a intuition of Barrett ‘s epithelial tissue in the distal of the gorge, the endoscopist find the instance as Barrett ‘s gorge and we mark the instance as BE instance by endoscopy. The presence of â€Å" gastric-appearing mucous membrane † or â€Å" columnar-lined † gorge is the standards for the endoscopist study of BE. The lengths of the unnatural epithelial tissue were non recorded. Biopsies from all instances were taken merely proximal to the gastro-esophageal junction, harmonizing to standard pattern for histological verification meanwhile the process. The determination of the figure of biopsies to be taken was made upon the estimate of Barrett ‘s epithelial tissue length by the endoscopist. If groundss of IM were seen in the biopsies by the diagnostician, BE could be confirmed, and we mark the instance as BE instance by pathology. These informations will be added to the patient ‘s signifier. Data enter SPSS package and analyze with descriptive statistics, qis square trial and t-test. Consequences Of the 1156 outpatients enrolled, 12 patients did n’t consent to hold endoscopy. Out of these 12 patients 9 were afghanian who had n’t return to hold endoscopy for unknown grounds. 3 of Persian patients did n’t accept to endoscopy and establish endoscopy unneeded, although the physician explained the necessity. A sum of 1144 dyspeptic patients underwent endoscopy, 1100 ( 96.2 % ) of them were Persian and 44 ( 3.8 % ) were afghanian. The average age of the instances was 45.2 old ages old. BE was endoscopically diagnosed in 62 instances ( 5.4 % ) , and pathologically diagnosed in 42 ( 3.7 % ) of them. All these 42 instances were diagnosed with endoscopy as BE, but 20 instances ( 32.2 % ) that were endoscopically marked BE, were non confirmed as BE by pathology. Thus the sensitiveness of endoscopy for diagnosing of BE is 100 % but its specificity is 67.8 % . The average age of patients with confirmed BE was 53.2 old ages. 42.6 % of patients without BE were male and 57.4 % were female whereas 64.3 % of patients with BE were male and 35.7 were female ( p value=0.005 ) table1. Hiatus hernia was diagnosed in 10.2 % of all patients ( 117 out of 1144 ) . 9.1 % of patients without IM had Hiatus hernia, while 40.5 % of the patients with IM had Hiatus hernia ( p value lt ; 00.1 ) ( table 2 ) . 54.8 % of the patients with BE had reflux esophagitis but merely 4.4 % of the patients without BE had reflux esophagitis ( p value=0.003 ) . The average continuance of dyspeptic symptoms in the 42 BE patients was 10.29 old ages ; 6 patients ( 14.3 % ) reported symptoms lt ; 5 old ages in continuance and 1 ( 2.4 % ) reported symptoms lt ; 1 twelvemonth in continuance. Comparision of patients with and without BE revealed that patients with BE have longer period of indigestion ( P value lt ; 0.01 ) ( table 2 ) . Among 1144 patients 314 ( 27.4 % ) had acid regurgitation or pyrosis and 259 had these symptoms as their dominant symptom. Out of These 259, 34 ( 13.1 % ) had BE. 34 out of the 42 patients ( 81 % ) with confirmed BE reported either pyrosis or acerb regurgitation as their most bothersome ( dominant ) indigestion symptom, compared with 225 ( 20.4 % ) of the 1102 patients without BE ( p value lt ; 0.001 ) ( table 2 ) . The average BMI among all 1140 patients was 28.8 and there were no important difference between patients with confirmed BE and patients without BE ( p value=0.995 ) . Discussion: The recognized method for naming BE is detecting IM in biopsies taken from the gorge. There is a argument whether presence of stomachic metaplasia ( without IM ) should sort a patient as holding BE or non. In this survey, presence of IM in pathology is the cardinal point to sort a patient to hold BE. In 1144 uninvestigated indigestion outpatients that undergone endoscopy, the prevalence of BE was 5.4 % if based on the endoscopic intuition of stomachic metaplasia in the distal gorge and 3.7 % when the diagnosing was histologically confirmed by the presence of IM. In one Single centre survey on 1248 Persian GERD patients, the prevalence of endoscopicaly suspected and pathologically confirmed BE was 8.3 % and 2.4 % severally ( 12 ) . But we investigated dyspeptic patients non GERD. The prevalence of BE among the patients that have acid regurgitation and pyrosis ( GERD symptoms ) as their dominant symptom is 13.1 % in our survey and is comparatively higher than old Persian probes ( 12, 13 ) . And is besides higher than 3-12 % in other surveies ( 8, 10, 11 ) . But our consequences are less than 24.1 % reported in a survey conducted in Japan ( 14 ) . As other surveies suggested ( 15 ) HH and esophagitis were more common in patients with BE and BE was more prevailing in males and older ages. In our survey people proposing pyrosis or acerb regurgitation tend to hold BE more than other surveies. In a survey by Breslin et Al. that reported on the findings of endoscopy in 3634 Canadian patients, the prevalence of BE suspected on endoscopy varied from 0.3 % to 2 % . And merely a minority ( 0.3 % ) was histologically confirmed ( 16 ) . This may be reflect the prevalence of BE in our country. In our survey 67 % of the endoscopically diagnosed BE were confirmed by histology. This rate is 11 % in another survey ( 17 ) Reflecting the function of endoscopist experience in naming BE. It has been shown that both longer continuance and badness of pyrosis are risk factors for the development of glandular cancer of the distal gorge. Patients with BE in the current survey reported dyspepsia symptoms of longer continuance and merely 14.3 % had symptoms for lt ; 5 old ages. The fact that BE is a complication of longstanding GERD has been one of the chief grounds behind the recommendation for a ‘once in a life-time ‘ endoscopy in patients with GERD symptoms ( 10 ) . Decisions: In drumhead, the overall prevalence of histologically confirmed BE was 3.7 % in outpatients with indigestion. Patients with dominant symptoms of pyrosis, the prevalence of BE was 13.5 % . These informations should be used in the treatment about the demand for a one time in a life-time endoscopy in patients with dyspeptic symptoms. Our informations suggest that if endoscopy is recommended and should take topographic point at an older age ( such as age gt ; 50 old ages ) and in patients with symptoms of gt ; 5 old ages continuance as it will increase the output of diagnosing of BE. 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Of Mice And Men And Loneliness Essays - English-language Films

Of Mice and Men And Loneliness Have you ever been alone walking or lying on your bed thinking about how lonely you are? Do you ever wonder why you are sometimes ostracized from the group? You can experience loneliness, mentally or physically. It can also drive you out of your mind. In John Steinbeck's, Of Mice and Men, Crooks, Candy, and Curly's wife have little to no friends and are forlorn. In the story, Curly is very over-protective of his wife and she feels very alone. "Think I like to stay in the house all the time?" she asks the guys, when they avoid speaking to her. In this quote, she is fed up and fears being abandoned by the guys because of her jealous husband. It makes her angry to be shunned by the only people she gets to be around. She also says, "I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely." She is obviously frustrated and lonesome. She doesn't have any girlfriends, there's only the guys. In conclusion, Curly's wife is alone and she has no one to talk to but the guys, and they don't want to make Curly mad by talking to her. One other person who feels abandoned by the group and banished from having friendly company, is Crooks. He comments as he talks to Lenny, " A guy'll go nuts if he ain't got nobody." Crooks has no friends, no one has a nice word, and no one even visits him. He is happy that Lenny is talking to him, because no one else will. He also says, "If a guy gets too lonely, he gets sick." Crooks is alone and getting older. He is sick, and he tells Lenny this to help him to understand that he should do anything to not be alone. In conclusion, Crooks is sick of being alone and feels he is going to go nuts. Finally, Candy is lonely after they took his dog, but the idea of moving in with George and Lenny helped him cope better. When they wanted to kill his dog he said, "I been around him so much...." Candy had his dog for a very long time; the thought of getting rid of it hurt him. When he's talking to George and Lenny he says, "I ain't got no relatives." Candy is all alone with no family. The thought of being with friends and being alive made him really happy. In conclusion, Candy is much happier when he finds new friends and is given the opportunity to move in with them. In the book, Of Mice and Men, the three above characters are the loneliest. They are either old, feeling abandoned, or over-protected. No one should be by himself or herself. Loneliness is the worst punishment. People are not naturally kind to people or things that they do not understand. The next time you're laying in your bed alone, think about how it would feel to be there and alone forever.