Standardized Tests Have Been Criticized Education Essay Free Essays

string(112) focus on how great English is applied over the course of study rather than the substance nation itself. In California, evaluation of ELLs normally happens so as to ensure that progressing instructive examples are run intoing the students ‘ requests. Both area and nearby testing are of import since they non only flexibly answerability, yet next to show understudy achievement. At the point when evaluation portfolios are incorporated, schools can place and run into the requests of a different student populace that incorporates ELLs ( O’Malley A ; Pierce, 1996 ) . We will compose a custom exposition test on Government sanctioned Tests Have Been Criticized Education Essay or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The expectation of the portfolio plan must be acceptable built up preceding its execution on the grounds that the portfolio ‘s purpose will discover what sort of work ought to be incorporated. For delineation, if portfolios are to be utilized simply for schoolroom examination, they may so pack in only one nation of etymological correspondence improvement, for example, jargon. Assuming, by and by, the portfolios are intended to demo an ELL ‘s developing in both English and the able issue nations, so the portfolio ought to incorporate representations of how great an Ell can use English in these nations rather than the substance itself. For outline, stuff assembled should demo how great an ELL has taken in the logical order jargon and semantics expected to comprehend logical control books, non how great the understudy can execute a particular trial ( Gomez, 1999 ) . Both the teacher and the students should make up one’s psyche what sorts of stuff to remember for the portfolio. Remembering the ELL understudy for the dynamic method will offer to a greater extent a â€Å" purchase in † by the student. Moreover, this will do the entire strategy more understudy focused, which will rouse the student to take more obligation for their obtaining. Perusing †the examination of perusing incorporates an expansive combination of constituents. Both the educator and the student will want a combination of bits of understudy work included. The educator may want to include: 1. ) Runing records 2. ) Reading stock records, and 3. ) Similar advances using ELL text. Cloze exercisings may other than be remembered that point of convergence for jargon and language structure. Cloze exercisings are especially of import since they can show how great a student can prognosticate the accompanying word when perusing analogs degrees of capability ( Gomez, 1999 ) . A student may want to take understanding logs, book studies, and understanding reactions. Both the educator and the understudy may want to incorporate narrating that incorporates testing. Understudies should to the full comprehend that the teacher will be searching for advancement and higher perusing capability to occur, and this must be clear in the portfolio from the earliest starting point to the terminal of the evaluation. The utilization of rubrics and agendas will help both the understudy and the educator. The student will benefit when the person in question comprehends the principles expected to bring through an endeavor, while the educator will have the option to flexibly progressively predictable scaling inside the schoolroom. Composing †Of all the etymological correspondence shows joined, making is likely one out of the most straightforward to report in a portfolio scene. A wide range of creation, including those that exhibit grade degree capability, can be remembered for an evaluation portfolio. Moreover, standards set up through distributed region models can incorporate non just drawings and basic phonetic correspondence exercisings for the early essential classs however close to journals, papers, and further developed research archives at the lesser and senior secondary school degrees. Portfolios can be utilized to demo understudies ‘ developing in making as their jargon develops. In add-on, numerous civic establishments utilize various strategies and signifiers of rationale while providing data and delineating things or condition of affairss. This is simple perceived in an understudy ‘s initiation. This is especially valid for ELLs who are educated in their L1. Portfolios can other than measure an ELL ‘s capability and dread of making shows when language structure exercisings, spelling preliminaries, and independent vocabularies are incorporated ( Gomez, 1999 ) . So as to show developing, teachers must incorporate creating tests from the earliest starting point, in the middle of, and terminal of the term or school twelvemonth. Once more, rubrics and agendas ought to be incorporated to help both the understudy and the educator. As referenced before, the two rubrics and agendas will do standpoints clear for the student, while leting the teacher to gauge and rate all the more methodicallly inside the general schoolroom condition. Talking †Speaking is only here and there remembered for portfolios in light of the fact that numerous teachers think that its difficult to recount discourse creation characteristics. In add-on, many may reason that simply subjective informations, rather than quantitative informations can be accumulated to quantify address. Nonetheless, it is as yet conceivable to recognize developing in talking achievements if the educator has distinguished talking/discourse closes. The teacher can quantify a student ‘s address during either an investigation or introduction given before the classification while understudies are working in supports or in a purposeful procurement condition. Once more, the two rubrics and agendas ought to be utilized by the teacher so as to show discourse creation achievements and developing. Listening †For indistinguishable grounds from discourse creation, numerous educators reject tuning in as an assessable constituent inside a portfolio. Be that as it may, with more ease than is required for discourse creation, a teacher can quantify hearing achievements through increasingly various organizations. For outline, students can be called upon to respond to an unwritten introduction or account. Here understudies would make the reaction subsequent to holding painstakingly tuned in to either an account or introduction. In this situation, a â€Å" entire phonetic correspondence † assault would be utilized to delineate the cardinal focuses heard and comprehended from an introduction or account. Transcripts of medicines between different students could other than be remembered for an understudy ‘s portfolio. The Content Areas †Aside from the consideration of the phonetic correspondence humanistic controls, teachers can other than benefit by including work from the substance nations. Educators can take two assaults for the evaluation and the incorporation of the substance nations in a portfolio. Initially, teachers might be worried that their ELL students can utilize their etymological correspondence achievements in the substance nations. On the off chance that this were the occurrence, so educators ought to incorporate delineations that show how great any ELL student can use English in these nations. Here, educators would focus on how great English is applied over the course of study rather than the substance nation itself. You read State sanctioned Tests Have Been Criticized Education Essay in class Exposition models While numerous teachers have made light of the consideration of listening achievements inside a semantic correspondence expressions portfolio, they would, on the different manus, be concerned their ELL understudies can comprehend unwritten directions and records of math in English. To facilitate this assault, an ELL educator should encourage their ELL students to take notes during a math teacher ‘s unwritten introduction/clarification of a math work. These notes would be accumulated in stretches over clasp from the earliest starting point to the terminal of the term or school twelvemonth. On the different manus, and especially in the upper classs, teachers may want to focus on how great their Ell understudies can get the drape develops in logical control, math, and cultural surveies. Rating and evaluation of a portfolio can be a lot simpler in the substance nations in light of the fact that there is much of the time just one right answer in the logical orders and math. Albeit different decision requests regularly show up on a cultural surveies test, often a more extravagant anxiety of the theme ‘s substance will be required, and therefore, must be shown in either a short answer or passage length reaction. In this situation, an ELL student will be required to non only guide great in English, yet next to get capability in the substance nations. Once more, this partition between semantic correspondence capability and competent undertaking skill limits as ELL students register toward the upper classs. In a math portfolio, students can incorporate everyday work and endeavors isolated over clasp. In a perfect world, everyday work ought to other than demo how word employments have improved critical thinking achievements. It is of import that self-evaluation be remembered for a math portfolio. In a logical control portfolio, an ELL student ought to incorporate representations of their trials, studies, and endeavors. A picture went with a short record can be subbed at whatever point an endeavor or investigation is either unnecessarily cumbrous or two long for incorporation in a portfolio. Self-evaluation ought to be utilized to demo the understudy how they have encountered developing and picked up insight in logical order. Day by day work isolated additional time ought to be assembled that exhibits how cognizance has been acquired through a logical control text version. In a cultural surveies portfolio, ELL understudies could follow a similar arrangement as they would for both a math and logical control portfolio. They would, by and by, flexibly increasingly composed reactions to data accumulated from text and related articles. Reports and endeavors could other than be remembered for a cultural surveies portfolio. Keep in head, by and by, that it is of import that the work be isolated into stretches dispersed over clasp, from the earliest starting point to the terminal of the term or

Components And Systems Operations Of Turbine Enginesâ€Free Samples

Question: Examine About The Components And Systems Operations Of Turbine Engines? Answer: Introducation A turbine motor involves a few segments and frameworks and this audit means to give a short depiction of the different frameworks and their method of activity. The frameworks that make up a turbine motor are enlistment, fire recognition frameworks, motor overheat, instrumentation, exhaust, cooling, charging, beginning, electrical, oil, start, water infusion, fuel metering, and fuel conveyance (Anderson, 2009). The enlistment framework is utilized to flexibly high vitality, bending free air to the blower to forestall slowing down of the blower and keep up the interior temperature of the motor. It ought to likewise be equipped for conveying the majority of the weight recouped from the air to the motor with least loss of weight. It can have a fixed or variable geometry. The turbines capacity to convey the necessary push relies upon the capacity of the fuel conveyance framework to differ the fuel stream to the burning chamber. In the event that the fuel is provided in overabundance, at that point it brings about rich victory condition and on the off chance that the provided fuel is lower than the necessity, at that point it brings about lean vanish condition the two of which ought to be maintained a strategic distance from (Anderson, 2009). Fuel siphons are utilized to convey the necessary fuel for the activity of the motor at the ideal weight in order to acquire exact spout splash and fuel guideline. They can be gathered into variable and consistent removal frameworks. A fuel radiator is required to warm the fuel since lingering water in the fuel tank freezes when the fuel in the tank cools to 32 C or lower. In this manner shielding the fuel from ice arrangement. The fuel controllers are shielded from sullying utilizing a high weight fuel channel (Anderson, 2009). Other control gadgets and fuel siphon are ensured utilizing a low weight channel introduced between the fuel framework and the flexibly tanks. Most regularly utilized channels are plain screen work channel, wafer screen channel and micron channel. Fuel stream meters are utilized to decide the fuel utilization; they are likewise used to think about the productive activity of the motor. Fuel Nozzles are utilized to infuse fuel into the ignition chamber in an exact and profoundly atomized way so the consuming happens in the littlest of space inside the most limited timespan (Anderson, 2009). On the off chance that the fuel isn't equitably circulated, at that point the fire may consume the liners and make problem areas in the ignition chamber. Simplex and duplex designs are two sorts of spouts typically utilized. The fuel is isolated into essential and primary manifolds utilizing the forcing valves and the cut off gave by this valve keeps the fuel from spilling into the complex by means of the fuel spout (Anderson, 2009). Hydro-mechanical and electronic frameworks are the two fundamental gatherings of fuel control (Greatrix, 2012). The hydro-mechanical framework comprises of metering frameworks, criticism or follow-up gadgets, sleeve and pilot valves, servo frameworks, and speed governors (Greatrix, 2012). Though, electronic fuel control frameworks comprise of solenoids, switches, electrical servo frameworks, transfers, thermocouples, and intensifiers. Water infusion frameworks are utilized to expand the motor push and to lessen the hot area temperature by infusing water into motor diffuser case and permits higher fuel course through cooling guideline. Start frameworks are utilized during the beginning period of a motor normally a capacitor type start framework is utilized for touching off the fuel utilizing a high warmth power sparkle (Greatrix, 2012). It incorporates two high pressure drives, two middle of the road start drives, two transformers and two exciter units (Greatrix, 2012). Turbine motors utilized both wet and dry sump oil frameworks and is utilized to guarantee appropriate temperatures are looked after (Greatrix, 2012). Direction and riggings are greased up utilizing pressure siphons and rummage siphons are utilized to restore the oil back to the oil tank. Oil planes mounted close to each bearing is likewise used to grease up the orientation. Carbon seals are utilized to give fixed territories to grease to happen. Oil coolers are utilized to chill off the oil after grease. Drain air framework is utilized to give drain air to blower soundness, cooling, leeway and different frameworks. Hostile to ice framework is utilized to give insurance against development of ice in the bay. A starter framework is utilized to begin the blower in order to turn over the turbine motor utilizing electric, air turbine or burning starters (Kroes and Wild, 2010). Cooling framework cools the motor by either passing a fluid coolant through the coat encompassing the chamber or by ignoring air the balances connected to the chamber (Kroes and Wild, 2010). Fumes gas are discharged utilizing as fumes channel gave in the tailpipe or the fumes pipe along these lines interfacing the fly spout to the outlet. The motor tasks are controlled utilizing the instrumentation bunch which incorporate fire cautioning pointers, push reverser sign, power plant ice insurance sign, vibration sign, motor starter sign, fuel heat sign, fuel channel approaching detour sign, oil channel sidestep sign, ai r temperature marker, fuel delta pressure pointer, oil quality pointer, motor oil temperature pointer, motor oil pressure marker, fuel stream pointer, fumes gas temperature pointer, tachometer, torque meter and motor weight proportion pointer (Kroes and Wild, 2010). References Anderson, K. (2009). Impetus Plant Accident Investigation. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Greatrix. D.R. (2012). Gas Turbine Engines: Fundamentals. In: Powered Flight. London: Springer Kroes, M.J. also, Wild, T.W. (2010). Airplane Powerplants (Aviation Technology Series). New Delhi, new Delhi: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Who Should Not Apply to SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Who Should Not Apply to SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A lot of my blog posts focus on the myriad of wonderful opportunities SIPA has to offer and how no matter your policy interest, the SIPA experience can make all your professional dreams come true! While this is certainly the case for a wide variety of people, SIPA is not the right fit for everyone. Below are examples of 5 types of people who should NOT be applying to SIPA. You have little or no professional experience. While it’s true that SIPA admits a small percentage (roughly 10%) of applicants directly from undergrad, these are people with significant work or internship experience.   Not only does a lack of experience diminish your chances of acceptance, but it’s not a good idea for you. One of the most important pieces of SIPA is gaining the skills and experience you need to propel you forward in your career, and if you haven’t even began a career, it’s hard to know what those are.   Additionally, a lot of the practical strategies as well as the more theoretical work we do in classes asks us to draw on previous work experience and apply case studies to our own work and life.   You won’t get as much out of your SIPA education if you don’t have these experiences to draw on. You have no idea what you want to do when you graduate.   Similar to the above, it’s difficult to use a SIPA education to move your career forward if you don’t know where you want to go. That’s not to say you need to know exactly what you want to do after SIPA but you should have a good idea of what you’re passionate about and the kinds of careers that might interest you.  If you are having trouble articulating this in your personal statement, perhaps you should think about gaining another year or two of professional experience before you apply.   A graduate degree is a big investment both in terms of time and money, so you want to make sure it’s something that you need, either personally or professionally, before you make that commitment.  Although many students get their second masters at SIPA, or do a dual degree program these moves are best planned strategically.   Think how frustrating it would be to spend two years at SIPA only to realize that what you really needed was a law degree. You have trouble interacting with people with different perspectives.   Even as public policy schools go, SIPA is remarkably diverse.   Not only does half of our student body come from non-US countries, we are economically and racially diverse even within our US population (and always striving to be more so).   Just as importantly we attract students with all different experiences and points of view.   If you cannot discuss hot button public or foreign policy issues, such as the Israel-Palestine conflict, domestic health policy and poverty alleviation with people who have drastically different opinions than your own without losing your cool, these are skills you need to hone before entering our program. You are interested in gaining a purely academic or theoretical background.   Our MIA and MPA differ distinctly from a Masters in Political Science.   There is plenty of opportunity to study theory at SIPA whether it be in international relations, education or just about any topic you can think of, but the programs at SIPA are primarily professional degrees.   Like an MBA or law degree, they are meant to prepare practitioners to work in their chosen field.   Although a limited number of SIPA students do go on to pursue PhDs, that is not what our programs are geared toward.   If you know right now you want to go into theory or academia, you might want to consider a Master degree in political science, economics or another field of interest. You are unwilling or unable to do the work.   If this seems to you like it should be obvious, it does to me too.   Yet weve gotten dozens of emails from applicants asking if we can waive graduation or admissions requirements, if they have to do a capstone workshop or if they can graduate early before they’ve even been admitted.   Although SIPA does offer advanced standing for students who already hold graduate degrees, we want students who want to be here.     I want classmates who want to be here. Even in classes that I dreaded taking and that didn’t apply directly to my job (hello econ!) I still learned something.   There’s a reason these courses are required.   Most SIPA students have significant professional experience so although your experience might be valid or great, it does not exempt you from jumping through the same hoops as your classmates.   If this work doesn’t appeal to you now or you don’t think you can make the time to complete the application requirements, what makes you think the work will be appealing or that you’ll have more time in the future?   There is no shame in researching a school’s curriculum and realizing it’s not for you. These things all said, I do hope you apply.   SIPA can mean a lot of things to a lot of different students with a variety of goals and if it sounds like our school might be the place for you I invite you to explore this blog, our admissions website or to attend an information session and talk with us further! Post contributed by Nancy Leeds.   Nancy is a MPA 2nd Year studying Urban and Social Policy/Management with a Certificate in Gender Policy

My First Day At The United States Army - 1211 Words

â€Å"Get off the God Damn bus privates!† Those words were the first sounds I heard as I stepped off that old white bus that day. Today was my first day to becoming a soldier in the United States Army. The date was July 12, 2013. I was only an 18 year old teenager who wanted nothing more in life than to follow in the footsteps of my great grandfather. My great grandfather had raised me and inspired me for this journey I was about to take part in. This was the day I would start basic training. I was feeling more anxious than ever. Don’t even get me started on how nervous I was. I had never been away from home more than a few days, and here I was about to embark on a two month long journey I knew close to nothing about. I can still remember to†¦show more content†¦We were all lined up and waiting patiently as big white buses came to a screeching stop in front of us. We were then instructed to grab our things and begin filing onto the bus one by one. The bus ride wasn’t too long, but it was long enough for some doubt and regret to creep into my consciousness. I looked around at everyone’s faces and they seemed to be thinking the same thing I was, and they all had frowns on their faces. I then noticed these men in the distance wearing a weird brown rounded hat. They all were broad shouldered, middle aged men and they were all standing in a line appearing eager. These men were known as drill sergeants. They were supposed to be the ‘meanest of the mean’. These drill sergeants were the men whose task was to shape teenagers into soldiers. The bus came to a sudden stop in front of the drill sergeants, and all of the sudden it felt as if a shot of electricity jolted down my spine. I knew that this was the last stop the bus would be making today and I was going to be forced to get off of the bus. As the bus stopped there was commotion at the front of the bus. We saw what seemed to be the largest out of the group of drill s ergeants getting onto the bus. â€Å"Get off the God Damn bus privates† yelled the large drill sergeant. You could tell he seemed angry by the tone in his voice. He must have been every bit of 6’8†, and 280 pounds. We all hustled of the

The Issue Of Teen Pregnancy - 1082 Words

I suppose no one ever really expects things to happen to them until they actually happen. At least, that’s how I viewed things until I got pregnant with my first and only child at fifteen years old. It’s almost exactly the way they portray it in Hollywood movies and television shows and books. Although, unlike those books and shows, I never lost any friends from this experience. I will say that people are much more understanding nowadays. Still, no one is ever really ready to be a mom, especially at fifteen. Statistics say that seven out of ten girls that get pregnant while still in high school will drop out. Seventy percent of girls will drop out of school. In 2013, 273,105 babies were born to girls aged 15-19. That’s a terrifying number, but teen pregnancy rates are lower than ever before. Being part of the thirty percent that made it through high school, I will say one thing: the reason I made it through all four years (that’s right, there was never a moment of my high school career in which I was never a parent) was because I never saw myself doing anything else. The opportunity for school was always there. I was and still am one of the lucky few that have the opportunity for education, unlike many other countries where girls are condemned from schooling. I always knew I was going to college, and sure enough, I am the first person in my immediate family to attend a four-year university. My mother got pregnant at seventeen years old and had to drop out of high school.Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1722 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishing her equality and worth in the eyes of her male counterpart. But although she may have broken many barriers and achieved great accomplishments, there are still some deep rooted issues which continue to affect her in a most insidious manner. One of the issues that women face in the United States is teen pregnancy which is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. The rates ar e still higher than they were only a decade ago. Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenagerRead MoreThe Issue of Teen Pregnancy1458 Words   |  6 PagesTeen pregnancy The issue of teen pregnancy is a fact that can no longer be overlooked in terms of its magnitude in the society today. Despite the widespread sex education and peer counseling and guidance, there still is a wide prevalence of teen pregnancy, a challenge that does not only affect the teenagers but the society at large. Effects of teen pregnancy The aspect of teen pregnancy is one of the most challenging situations to be in as a young person as it could interrupt flow of schoolRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesled to fewer teen births. It is thought to be that when teens tune into the show, they learn to practice safer sex. â€Å"16 and Pregnant† was named one of the best ways to campaign about the issue of teen pregnancy. The show was a way to attack the issue of teen pregnancy head on. Comparing to all fully developed countries, the U.S, has the highest rates of teen pregnancy. This was seen as a major problem to many that was aware of the problem. Even though the number of teen pregnancies was high, thereRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1391 Words   |  6 Pagesyear. At least sixty percent of pregnancies result in births, thirty percent are abortions, and fifteen percent are miscarriages. About twenty-five percent of teen moms have another child within twenty four months of t heir first kid. Teen pregnancy is a problem in many parts of the world. But the United States has the highest teen pregnancy rate among any other country. Only about fifty percent of teen moms actually graduate high school, and less than two percent of teen moms earn a college degree byRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1739 Words   |  7 Pagesbaby. In developed countries like the United States of America, Great Britain, Canada, France and Sweden all deal with teenage pregnancies. The only difference between these countries is the percentage of teen pregnancy each country has. Each country has similar methods of birth control, and the only difference is the rate between all five developed countries. Teen pregnancy is a major concern in today’s society; there are many limiting reasons that do not allow people to access contraceptives, andRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : A Social Issue1371 Words   |  6 PagesTeen pregnancy is a very controversial social issue and the vast major ity of Americans consider the outrageous rate of teen pregnancies a severe issue, certainly a problematic occurrence that is believed to be a moral decline in our country. Teenagers are physiologically capable of reproducing but not emotionally or financially prepared to be parents at such a tender age. Through various research studies a plethora of determinants has pin pointed teens unprecedented pregnancies. One cause of thisRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Is A Serious Issue982 Words   |  4 PagesThe social issue I will be addressing throughout my paper is teen pregnancy. The term teen pregnancy is referring to teens between the ages of 13-19 who become pregnant (Akella Jordan, 2015). Despite the fact that teen pregnancy rates have dropped within the past twenty years, United States continues to have the highest rates of teen pregnancy in comparison to all other developed nations ( Akella Jordan, 2015). Teen pregnancy is a serious issue for a multiplicity of reasons. A teenager w ho hasRead MoreControlling the Issue of Teen Pregnancy635 Words   |  3 PagesTeen pregnancy is a problem that is plaguing the U.S., as well as other countries. This social problem affects teens of every ethnic and economic background. Before we discuss what some organizations are doing to help, let’s look at some of statistics surrounding teen pregnancy. Even though this is a serious problem, the good news is that teen birth rates in the United States have dropped almost continuously since the early 1990s — including a six percent drop from 2011 to 2012 — further decreasingRead MoreThe Social Issue Regarding Teen Pregnancy756 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose: The social issue regarding teen pregnancy is still very prevalent in the United States. Teen pregnancy is a huge issue because it is known to have a negative effect on the mother and most importantly the child. An initial study was conducted on two teenage mothers prior to having their child. The researcher wanted to further investigate the same population for a better understanding of teenage motherhood. The purpose of case study was to examine the perceptions of two adolescent mothersRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Is Becoming More Of An Issue992 Words   |  4 PagesTeen pregnancy is becoming more of an issue in young Americans nowadays as we are the generation starting this we must attempt to slow down the process. Pregnancy is the period from conception to birth. After the egg is fertilized by a sperm and then implanted in the lining of the uterus later developing into a placenta and embryo to become a fetus and grow (the free dictionary). The miracle of life; teens seem to be experiencing this way to early on in life; Statistics show that in 2013 a total

The Prevalence Of Barretts Esophagus Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Gastro esophageal reflux disease is the chief known etiologic factor for Barrette Esophagus, and BE is the precursor lesion of esophageal glandular cancer. The prevalence of BE is reported largely from gastroenterology centres and few informations are reported from outpatients with indigestion. Lots of patients with GERD have grades of indigestion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prevalence Of Barretts Esophagus Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This survey chiefly aims to find the prevalence of BE in dyspeptic patients. Material and methods: outpatients holding indigestion refer to endoscopy unit for endoscopy. Meanwhile the endoscopist takes biopsy of distal gorge. Barrett ‘s esophagus diagnosing will be find based on the endoscopic unnatural visual aspect of the distal gorge and besides based on Intestinal Metaplasia ( IM ) pathologic position. Consequences: the prevalence of BE was 5.4 % ( based on endoscopy ) and 3.7 % ( base on pathology ) . 69 % of patients with confirmed BE were gt ; 50 old ages and 31 % were lt ; 50 old ages. 81 % of patients with confirmed BE reported GERD symptoms as their dominant indigestion symptom, but consequence is merely 20.4 % in patients without BE ( p value lt ; 0.001 ) . Decision: BE has a comparatively high prevalence in dyspeptic patients. The prevalence of GERD symptoms in BE emphasizes the demand for making endoscopy for dyspeptic patient. Cardinal words: Barrett Esophagus, Endoscopy, Heartburn, Pathology Introduction Prevalence of gastro esophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) is raising along with the prevalence of Barrett ‘s gorge ( BE ) and esophageal glandular cancer ( 1 ) . GERD is the chief known etiologic factor for BE, and BE is the precursor lesion of esophageal glandular cancer ( 2 ) . Adenocarcinoma of gorge is normally a locally turning tumour and it invades next variety meats and cause deadly complications ( 3 ) . BE is defined as altering the liner of distal gorge that can be recognized with endoscopy and is documented by presence of gablet cells and other standards for IM in biopsies taken during the endoscopy ( 4 ) . Hiatus hernia, fleshiness and presence of helicobacter pylori in gastro enteric piece of land are some of the hazard factors for BE ( 5, 6 ) . These factors are believed to increase BE by increasing acerb reflux. Many gastroenterologists make the diagnosing of BE by endoscopy and corroborate it with presence of IM in biopsies taken from the gorge ( 2 ) . The standard for endoscopy is the Presence of chronic GERD after ingestion of proton gaudery inhibitor or acerb suppressers for at least 4 hebdomads ( 7 ) . Association of BE with glandular cancer is the chief factor that thrust physicians to endoscopically measure GERD patients ( 8-11 ) . BE is found in 2 % of big population and 3-5 % of GERD patients ( 2 ) . The overall prevalence of BE in patients with chronic GERD is 3-12 % ( 8, 10, 11 ) .The prevalence of BE is reported largely from gastroenterology centres and few informations are reported from outpatients with indigestion. If we consider the coexistence of GERD with indigestion in many patients, the demand to measure dyspeptic patients for BE will be highlighted ( 10 ) . This present study is aimed specifically to show the prevalence of BE in dyspeptic outpatients and to research possible hazard factors for its presence. It besides determines the efficaciousness of GI endoscopy to name BE in the selected population. Material and methods: This is a prospective survey on Outpatients of GI clinic who were over 18 old ages old and had a primary ailment of at least 3 months of indigestion ( intermittent or uninterrupted ) and have been conducted during 2007-2011, after the approve of Kashan University of medical Sciences Ethic commission. We defined dyspepsia as composite of uncomfortableness or hurting in epigastric part ( with or without acerb regurgitation ) , inordinate belch or belching, abdominal bloating, early repletion or feeling of unnatural or slow digestion or pyrosis ( 10 ) . Patients who had a documented history of upper GI surgery, a clinical probe of indigestion by endoscopy or radiology ( in the old 6 months ) or on more than two occasions in the past 10 old ages, and used proton pump inhibitors within 30 yearss or H2-receptor adversaries within 14 yearss of registration excluded from the survey. Out of the outpatients enroll ; those who consented orally to an endoscopy enter our survey, and refer to endoscopy unit of shahid beheshti infirmary, a cardinal infirmary in Kashan. Of the enrolled outpatients, informations on age, sex, nationality, weight and tallness, presence and laterality of GERD symptoms and continuance of dyspeptic symptoms will be record in separate signifier. The presence of BE will measure in two ways: endoscopically, and histologically. Barrett ‘s esophagus diagnosing will be made based on the endoscopic unnatural visual aspect of the distal gorge. If there was a intuition of Barrett ‘s epithelial tissue in the distal of the gorge, the endoscopist find the instance as Barrett ‘s gorge and we mark the instance as BE instance by endoscopy. The presence of â€Å" gastric-appearing mucous membrane † or â€Å" columnar-lined † gorge is the standards for the endoscopist study of BE. The lengths of the unnatural epithelial tissue were non recorded. Biopsies from all instances were taken merely proximal to the gastro-esophageal junction, harmonizing to standard pattern for histological verification meanwhile the process. The determination of the figure of biopsies to be taken was made upon the estimate of Barrett ‘s epithelial tissue length by the endoscopist. If groundss of IM were seen in the biopsies by the diagnostician, BE could be confirmed, and we mark the instance as BE instance by pathology. These informations will be added to the patient ‘s signifier. Data enter SPSS package and analyze with descriptive statistics, qis square trial and t-test. Consequences Of the 1156 outpatients enrolled, 12 patients did n’t consent to hold endoscopy. Out of these 12 patients 9 were afghanian who had n’t return to hold endoscopy for unknown grounds. 3 of Persian patients did n’t accept to endoscopy and establish endoscopy unneeded, although the physician explained the necessity. A sum of 1144 dyspeptic patients underwent endoscopy, 1100 ( 96.2 % ) of them were Persian and 44 ( 3.8 % ) were afghanian. The average age of the instances was 45.2 old ages old. BE was endoscopically diagnosed in 62 instances ( 5.4 % ) , and pathologically diagnosed in 42 ( 3.7 % ) of them. All these 42 instances were diagnosed with endoscopy as BE, but 20 instances ( 32.2 % ) that were endoscopically marked BE, were non confirmed as BE by pathology. Thus the sensitiveness of endoscopy for diagnosing of BE is 100 % but its specificity is 67.8 % . The average age of patients with confirmed BE was 53.2 old ages. 42.6 % of patients without BE were male and 57.4 % were female whereas 64.3 % of patients with BE were male and 35.7 were female ( p value=0.005 ) table1. Hiatus hernia was diagnosed in 10.2 % of all patients ( 117 out of 1144 ) . 9.1 % of patients without IM had Hiatus hernia, while 40.5 % of the patients with IM had Hiatus hernia ( p value lt ; 00.1 ) ( table 2 ) . 54.8 % of the patients with BE had reflux esophagitis but merely 4.4 % of the patients without BE had reflux esophagitis ( p value=0.003 ) . The average continuance of dyspeptic symptoms in the 42 BE patients was 10.29 old ages ; 6 patients ( 14.3 % ) reported symptoms lt ; 5 old ages in continuance and 1 ( 2.4 % ) reported symptoms lt ; 1 twelvemonth in continuance. Comparision of patients with and without BE revealed that patients with BE have longer period of indigestion ( P value lt ; 0.01 ) ( table 2 ) . Among 1144 patients 314 ( 27.4 % ) had acid regurgitation or pyrosis and 259 had these symptoms as their dominant symptom. Out of These 259, 34 ( 13.1 % ) had BE. 34 out of the 42 patients ( 81 % ) with confirmed BE reported either pyrosis or acerb regurgitation as their most bothersome ( dominant ) indigestion symptom, compared with 225 ( 20.4 % ) of the 1102 patients without BE ( p value lt ; 0.001 ) ( table 2 ) . The average BMI among all 1140 patients was 28.8 and there were no important difference between patients with confirmed BE and patients without BE ( p value=0.995 ) . Discussion: The recognized method for naming BE is detecting IM in biopsies taken from the gorge. There is a argument whether presence of stomachic metaplasia ( without IM ) should sort a patient as holding BE or non. In this survey, presence of IM in pathology is the cardinal point to sort a patient to hold BE. In 1144 uninvestigated indigestion outpatients that undergone endoscopy, the prevalence of BE was 5.4 % if based on the endoscopic intuition of stomachic metaplasia in the distal gorge and 3.7 % when the diagnosing was histologically confirmed by the presence of IM. In one Single centre survey on 1248 Persian GERD patients, the prevalence of endoscopicaly suspected and pathologically confirmed BE was 8.3 % and 2.4 % severally ( 12 ) . But we investigated dyspeptic patients non GERD. The prevalence of BE among the patients that have acid regurgitation and pyrosis ( GERD symptoms ) as their dominant symptom is 13.1 % in our survey and is comparatively higher than old Persian probes ( 12, 13 ) . And is besides higher than 3-12 % in other surveies ( 8, 10, 11 ) . But our consequences are less than 24.1 % reported in a survey conducted in Japan ( 14 ) . As other surveies suggested ( 15 ) HH and esophagitis were more common in patients with BE and BE was more prevailing in males and older ages. In our survey people proposing pyrosis or acerb regurgitation tend to hold BE more than other surveies. In a survey by Breslin et Al. that reported on the findings of endoscopy in 3634 Canadian patients, the prevalence of BE suspected on endoscopy varied from 0.3 % to 2 % . And merely a minority ( 0.3 % ) was histologically confirmed ( 16 ) . This may be reflect the prevalence of BE in our country. In our survey 67 % of the endoscopically diagnosed BE were confirmed by histology. This rate is 11 % in another survey ( 17 ) Reflecting the function of endoscopist experience in naming BE. It has been shown that both longer continuance and badness of pyrosis are risk factors for the development of glandular cancer of the distal gorge. Patients with BE in the current survey reported dyspepsia symptoms of longer continuance and merely 14.3 % had symptoms for lt ; 5 old ages. The fact that BE is a complication of longstanding GERD has been one of the chief grounds behind the recommendation for a ‘once in a life-time ‘ endoscopy in patients with GERD symptoms ( 10 ) . Decisions: In drumhead, the overall prevalence of histologically confirmed BE was 3.7 % in outpatients with indigestion. Patients with dominant symptoms of pyrosis, the prevalence of BE was 13.5 % . These informations should be used in the treatment about the demand for a one time in a life-time endoscopy in patients with dyspeptic symptoms. Our informations suggest that if endoscopy is recommended and should take topographic point at an older age ( such as age gt ; 50 old ages ) and in patients with symptoms of gt ; 5 old ages continuance as it will increase the output of diagnosing of BE. 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Of Mice And Men And Loneliness Essays - English-language Films

Of Mice and Men And Loneliness Have you ever been alone walking or lying on your bed thinking about how lonely you are? Do you ever wonder why you are sometimes ostracized from the group? You can experience loneliness, mentally or physically. It can also drive you out of your mind. In John Steinbeck's, Of Mice and Men, Crooks, Candy, and Curly's wife have little to no friends and are forlorn. In the story, Curly is very over-protective of his wife and she feels very alone. "Think I like to stay in the house all the time?" she asks the guys, when they avoid speaking to her. In this quote, she is fed up and fears being abandoned by the guys because of her jealous husband. It makes her angry to be shunned by the only people she gets to be around. She also says, "I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely." She is obviously frustrated and lonesome. She doesn't have any girlfriends, there's only the guys. In conclusion, Curly's wife is alone and she has no one to talk to but the guys, and they don't want to make Curly mad by talking to her. One other person who feels abandoned by the group and banished from having friendly company, is Crooks. He comments as he talks to Lenny, " A guy'll go nuts if he ain't got nobody." Crooks has no friends, no one has a nice word, and no one even visits him. He is happy that Lenny is talking to him, because no one else will. He also says, "If a guy gets too lonely, he gets sick." Crooks is alone and getting older. He is sick, and he tells Lenny this to help him to understand that he should do anything to not be alone. In conclusion, Crooks is sick of being alone and feels he is going to go nuts. Finally, Candy is lonely after they took his dog, but the idea of moving in with George and Lenny helped him cope better. When they wanted to kill his dog he said, "I been around him so much...." Candy had his dog for a very long time; the thought of getting rid of it hurt him. When he's talking to George and Lenny he says, "I ain't got no relatives." Candy is all alone with no family. The thought of being with friends and being alive made him really happy. In conclusion, Candy is much happier when he finds new friends and is given the opportunity to move in with them. In the book, Of Mice and Men, the three above characters are the loneliest. They are either old, feeling abandoned, or over-protected. No one should be by himself or herself. Loneliness is the worst punishment. People are not naturally kind to people or things that they do not understand. The next time you're laying in your bed alone, think about how it would feel to be there and alone forever.

Summary of To Kill a Mockingbi essays

Summary of To Kill a Mockingbi essays The book To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is a magnificent story about guilt, fairness, race relations, and about life itself. It is told in the eyes of an already mature six-year old girl named Jean-Louise Finch, Scout for short. In the midst of the story Scout and her older brother Jeremy Finch, also known as Jem, grew more in their maturity by seeing certain events that happened around them. The stories major conflict is self-against-community while at the same time self-against-self. When Scouts father, Atticus, was faced with defending a black man accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white girl, he new that his family would be ridiculed due to the racial prejudice of the time and place; that being Alabama in the 1930s. Additionally Tom Robinson, the accused, was a friend of Atticus. Atticus was faced not only with defending Tom throughout the trial, but also faced with defending his action to his children, whom he was trying to raise without prejudice. Tom Robinson was ultimately found guilty of rape and sentenced to death by a jury of white farmers. Atticus convincingly showed that, due to an injury to his right arm, he could not have inflicted the bruises on Mayellas face. He was further able to prove that Mayellas father was the rapist. Unfortunately, Tom was killed while trying to escape from a prison camp. Mr. Ewell felt ridiculed in court and swore to take revenge on Atticus. Another self-against-self conflict within the story is Scouts and Jem s dealings with their neighbors, the Radleys. Afraid of the adult son Boo Radley, whom they have never seen, they have been led to believe through stories of other children in town, that Boo is a vicious, horrifying looking monster. They always ran past his house so he wouldnt get them. Yet dared, Jem ran onto Boos porch and slapped the house one-day in attempts to get Boo to come...

The Tierra Capri Gobble Story

The Tierra Capri Gobble Story Tierra Capri Gobble was sentenced to death in Alabama in 2005 for the beating death of her four-month-old son, Phoenix Cody Parrish. Phoenix Cody Parrish was born on August 8, 2004, in Plant City, Florida. Within 24 hours of being born Cody was removed from his mothers custody by the Florida Department of Children and Families. The department had previously charged Gobble with the abandonment of her first child, Jewell, and had removed her from her mothers care. Court Order to Stay Away Ignored Jewell and Cody were placed with Gobbles uncle, Edgar Parrish, who agreed to take temporary custody of the children. Parrish also agreed to keep the children away from Gobble and Codys father, Samuel Hunter. Both Gobble and Hunter were also given a court order to stay away from the children. Soon after gaining custody of Cody, Parrish moved to Dothan, Alabama. By the end of October 2004, both Gobble and Hunter had moved into Parrishs mobile home with him, his roommate Walter Jordan and the children. The Death of Cody Parish According to Gobble, in the early morning hours of December 15, 2004, she was having trouble getting Cody to go to sleep because he was fussing. At around 1:00 a.m. Gobble went to feed him. After he finished his bottle, she put him back in his crib. She checked on him again at around 9:00 a.m. and found him playing. Gobble went back to sleep and awoke at 11:00 a.m. When she went to check on Cody she discovered that he was not breathing. Gobble called Jordan, who was also in the trailer that morning. Jordan went to get Parrish, who was nearby. Parrish returned to the trailer and telephoned emergency 911. When paramedics arrived, Cody was unresponsive, and they rushed him to a local hospital. Attempts to resuscitate him were unsuccessful and he was pronounced dead. The Autopsy Report The autopsy showed that Cody died as a result of blunt-force trauma to his head. His skull had been fractured. Cody had numerous other injuries, including fractured ribs, a fracture to his right arm, fractures to both wrists, multiple bruises on his face, head, neck, and chest and a tear in the inside of his mouth that was consistent with a bottle having been shoved into his mouth. Officer Tracy McCord of the Houston County Sheriffs Department took Gobble into custody several hours after Cody was taken to the hospital. Gobble told McCord that she was Codys primary caretaker even though Parrish was his guardian and that she would occasionally get frustrated with him when he would not go to sleep. She admitted that she could have broken his ribs from holding him too tightly. Gobble also said and that when she was holding Cody she leaned down in the crib to get his blanket quickly and Codys head might have struck the side of the crib at that time. As a result of the autopsy and remarks Gobble made to McCord, she was charged with capital murder. The Trial The state prosecutors accused Gobble of slamming Codys head against his crib which resulted in his death. Dr. Jonas R. Salne, the emergency room doctor who treated Cody at Southeast Alabama Medical Center, testified that Cody had bruises, contusions, on his face, scalp, and chest - literally everywhere. He also testified that the injuries that Cody suffered would have been extremely painful. Tori Jordan testified that she had known Gobble for over two years and that she had periodically babysat Jewell. She said that Gobble had told her that if she couldnt have her children, no one could. Gobbles Testimony During the trial Gobble testified in her own defense and portrayed Hunter as abusive and domineering. She alluded to the fact that Hunter abused Cody. She also testified that she was the primary caretaker for the children even though she was under a court order to not be around her children. She said that several days before his death she noticed that Cody had bruises on his body, but she did not do anything because she was scared. Gobble further testified that she was the only person to have contact with Cody for the 10 hours immediately before his death. She did not telephone 9-1-1 when she realized he was not breathing because she did not want to get into trouble. Cross-Examination During her cross-examination, the State introduced a letter written by Gobble in which she wrote that she was responsible for Codys death. In the letter Gobble writes, Its my fault that my son died but I didnt mean for it to happen. The jury convicted Gobble of capital murder. By a vote of 10 to 2, it was recommended that Gobble be sentenced to death. The circuit court followed the jurys recommendation and sentenced Gobble to death. Also convicted: Samuel David Hunter pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to prison. He was released on February 25, 2009. Edgar Parrish pleaded guilty to aggravated child abuse and was released from prison on November 3, 2008. Thrown Away The body of Phoenix Cody Parrish was never claimed from the morgue. Gobbles father and step-mother, who testified in court that their daughter was a loving mother, never showed up to bury the child, nor did any other relative. A group of concerned citizens in Dothan felt as if the child, who had endured abuse from the time he was born, had simply been thrown away. A collection was organized and enough money was raised to buy clothes to bury Cody in, along with a casket and a burial plot. On December 23, 2004, Cody Parrish was buried by caring, tearful strangers.

African Americans and the Executive Power Coursework

African Americans and the Executive Power - Coursework Example However, three times in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, presidents made executive orders which helped overturn the accepted institution of racism against black Americans. This paper will look at Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802 of 1941, and Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9981 of 1946, to show that these three situations were ones in which the executive power was used to create the less racist society of modern America. In 1863, the United States was in a horrific racial situation: it was the year of the New York Draft Riots, in which countless black people were murdered and lynched on the streets of the city; on a larger scale, the country was torn in a civil war over the fate of black slaves. It was into this context that President Lincoln introduced the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, an executive order which was more symbolic than effective: the Proclamation stated that slaves in the Confederate Sta tes of America were to be set free, an area over which Lincoln had no practical power at the time. Furthermore, it specifically did not suggest emancipation in the northern states which, ironically, were fighting in order to obtain the freedom of black slaves. Lincoln's aim was to starve the southern forces of free labor by popularizing this message to encourage black slaves to escape and be granted their freedom in the north – it was a purely tactical maneuver, and really not much more than a stepping stone on the way to true abolition, which was achieved with the Thirteenth Amendment at the end of 1865. Sadly, it was not until this point that the fifty thousand or so remaining slaves in the northern states were emancipated. Nonetheless, the Emancipation Proclamation remains an important milestone for black civil rights, and one of the few which was granted exclusively by the President through an executive order. In fact, the three Executive Orders discussed in this paper we re not really as powerful as they are often thought of – they were merely baby steps along a path to increased civil liberties and diminished discrimination.

Welfare Reform Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Welfare Reform - Assignment Example Criticisms increased as the intellectuals found that many American actually was taking advantages from this programme by many ways, such as they would not like to apply for jobs, engaged to have more children to get more benefit and would not like to get married for getting more aid etc. It was 1996 when finally President Clinton signed the law passed by the Republican-majority Congress that ultimately gave the key of controlling welfare system back to the states. (Zuckerman, 2004; Rector, 1995) In this new system all the necessary information regarding the income level (gross and net), size of the family, homelessness, unemployment, etc., are collected to determine the type and amount of benefits that applicant is eligible to get. (US welfare system – â€Å"Help for US citizens†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. 2010) For applying a welfare program a person must contact the local Human Service Department for getting appointment with a case worker who is responsible to give a list of desired documents such as income proof, ID, utility bills, other residency proof etc. After reviewing all these details the case worker determine eligibility of an applicant. (‘US welfare system – â€Å"Help for US citizens†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. 2010) Welfare-to-Work initiative programme unfortunately stopped in 2004 that provided financial assistance in exchange for work. TANF program has been reapproved in 2005. The common welfare services, such as Supplemental Security Income, Medicaid are still there in the system. Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) has also been proposed to offer to less-income families for financial stability. (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2005) Kay Hagan is the democratic senator of North Carolina while Richard Burr is the republican senator of the district. (Issues 2000, 2010) Virginia Foxx is the representative of North Carolina. (Contacting the Congress, 2010) Kay Hagan has addressed the crucial

Gender Analysis of Anna and the King Essay -- Movie Film Anna King ess

Gender Analysis of Anna and the King If you are not the lead elephant, the scenery never changes. (Moonshee, Anna’s servant) One of the main issues in â€Å"Anna and the King† is the differences between men and women. What is less obvious is that those differences are of two types: the existing inequality of the social status of men and women, and the ways in which men and women try to deal with (end or prolong) this inequality. First of all, let us observe the structure of the Thai society. Men occupy the dominant position in all aspects of life from top to bottom of the Thai social structure. The King rules the society, and men enforce all the laws and government regulations (we see no women participating in the King’s council or in any government office). In addition to that, the ritual and custom behavior point to the humiliating position of women in Thai culture. According to Prince Chulalongkorn, men never apologize to women. The body language of the relationship between the two genders in the movie indicates that a woman always bows in the presence of a man and usually stays bowed until he dismisses her. All these customs, laws, and regulations separate Thai society into two unequal classes: men and women. In the situation of inequality, there is always a group of people who are not satisfied with the life around them. We will call them the agents of change. Although, the women in Thai society are very submissive, we can observe the attempts to change their life and/or social status. For example, the slave woman acts directly. She pays money to her mistress to buy her freedom (i.e. to change her life). She is acting according to the law that â€Å"bond-servants have the right to buy their own freedom.† However, her a... ...country to change: the King. He invites the â€Å"imperialistic† teacher to teach his eldest son. Why? In the letter confirming Anna’s employment, the King says that he wanted Siam â€Å"to take its place among the nations of the modern world.† As a man and as a king, he acts very carefully. He wants to ensure that in his country â€Å"no man is above the law.† He does not make any extraordinary changes, but he allows Anna to teach his children anything she wants (he knows Anna’s liberal position). His decision determines the future of Siam: his son abolishes slavery, institutes religious freedom and reforms the judicial system. In conclusion, we should say that it does not matter how big the social separation between men and women is and how unequal their statuses are – there are always ways to make that gap smaller, but this requires efforts on the part of both men and women. Gender Analysis of Anna and the King Essay -- Movie Film Anna King ess Gender Analysis of Anna and the King If you are not the lead elephant, the scenery never changes. (Moonshee, Anna’s servant) One of the main issues in â€Å"Anna and the King† is the differences between men and women. What is less obvious is that those differences are of two types: the existing inequality of the social status of men and women, and the ways in which men and women try to deal with (end or prolong) this inequality. First of all, let us observe the structure of the Thai society. Men occupy the dominant position in all aspects of life from top to bottom of the Thai social structure. The King rules the society, and men enforce all the laws and government regulations (we see no women participating in the King’s council or in any government office). In addition to that, the ritual and custom behavior point to the humiliating position of women in Thai culture. According to Prince Chulalongkorn, men never apologize to women. The body language of the relationship between the two genders in the movie indicates that a woman always bows in the presence of a man and usually stays bowed until he dismisses her. All these customs, laws, and regulations separate Thai society into two unequal classes: men and women. In the situation of inequality, there is always a group of people who are not satisfied with the life around them. We will call them the agents of change. Although, the women in Thai society are very submissive, we can observe the attempts to change their life and/or social status. For example, the slave woman acts directly. She pays money to her mistress to buy her freedom (i.e. to change her life). She is acting according to the law that â€Å"bond-servants have the right to buy their own freedom.† However, her a... ...country to change: the King. He invites the â€Å"imperialistic† teacher to teach his eldest son. Why? In the letter confirming Anna’s employment, the King says that he wanted Siam â€Å"to take its place among the nations of the modern world.† As a man and as a king, he acts very carefully. He wants to ensure that in his country â€Å"no man is above the law.† He does not make any extraordinary changes, but he allows Anna to teach his children anything she wants (he knows Anna’s liberal position). His decision determines the future of Siam: his son abolishes slavery, institutes religious freedom and reforms the judicial system. In conclusion, we should say that it does not matter how big the social separation between men and women is and how unequal their statuses are – there are always ways to make that gap smaller, but this requires efforts on the part of both men and women.

Professional Leadership Journal – Narcissism and Machiavellianism Assessments

According to Nahavandi (2012), personalities with an elevated score on the scale are relaxed using several resources to accomplish their individual aims. The Machiavellian (Mach) scale measures an individual’s willingness to put self-interests and his or her preferences above the interests of the group and a person’s ability to influence and manipulate others for personal gain (Nahavandi, 2012).An individual with a high Mach score might have an absence of morality and truthfulness and both of these are necessities of operative management. As I completed the two different assessments, I was astonished by my results. I completed the Machiavellianism Assessment first, I scored a 23 and according to the text an average score is 24. My score shows that I score within the average range and that I am willing to put my self-interests aside and work as a group to reach a goal.I then completed the Narcissism assessments and scored a 118, which completely shook me, I’ve nev er considered myself a narcissistic person, but according to this data I am in fact that way. Narcissistic people love the idea of having power over people, but I am the total opposite, I would rather be a team player than a leader. But I do have some of the traits that constitute me as a narcissist. As a future public health leader, my Machiavellianism Assessment should be high and my Narcissism assessment should be low.In any public health situation being able to put your self-interests to the side helps to alleviate unwanted stress and it also helps to analyze the situation carefully. Nahavandi (2012) states that positive narcissistic leaders may have an exaggerated sense of self and entitlement, but they use their self-confidence, power, and influence to achieve goals, much the same way a moderate Machiavellian would. This seems more like what I strive to do in my life and in my work life.

Java Testing Software - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5324 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category IT Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Testing Issues in Java Technology INTRODUCTION: Software testing is the method of examining software, to confirm that it satisfy its necessities and to identify errors. Software testing is an experimental examination which is conducted to afford stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test, with respect to the context in which it is intended to operate. Testing can never entirely establish the exactness of computer software. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Java Testing Software" essay for you Create order As an alternative, it provides an analysis or a relationship that compares with the state or behavior of the product against a specification. Over its survival, computer software has sustained to grow in convolution and dimension. Testing in the world of Java technology proposes many distinctive and dissimilar challenges. Todays Java engineers are not only faced with multiple platforms, but also the scalability issues like limited memory, nonstandard input, network traffic considerations which are encountered with an increasing array of Java technology-based computational devices—from Java Rings, to telephones, to set-top boxes. Because of dealing with many different platforms, and many different types of devices the tests are written in the Java programming language. An automatic software testing is a software function which is used to authenticate that a particular unit of source codes is running as expected. Software testing can be written as: †¢ Unit Tests; â₠¬ ¢ Integration Tests; or †¢ Acceptance Tests. The report also gives an overview of the role of these technologies in Java testing. (ece.cmu.edu) Integration Testing: Integration tests is used to test integration of several classes as against to testing classes in isolation. Mainly in J2EE environments like Web or EJB container gives a more important functionality, hence integration testing has to be conducted in a container. This would test interaction across different application tiers like access to database, EJBs and also other resources. Integration test is occasionally done by Programmers but not as frequently as unit test. Acceptance Tests: Acceptance Test is explained as the group of tests which guarantee the contract between the application API and end user. These tests are done for the completed and deployed application. It is used to check each use-case in which the application is supported. It provides less test coverage and it is main in testing i ntegration of application tiers such as containers and web servers. These tests are done by Quality Assurance testers and not by developers as test operates on external Application Programming Interfaces. Unit Tests Checking of the Developed Project, Programmers write unit tests to verify their own code. Unit testing vary from integration testing, which works well together, and acceptance testing, works according to the customers requirements. Unit testing is the testing mechanism which is used to test a single unit of code. In the case of Java, a unit testing that frequently connects to a distinct class. A unit test is fully automatic, non interactive, and dual ie, it moreover succeeds or be unsuccessful. By executing the code and verifying the output is not a testing. Neither instead of writing a small â€Å"test driver† that neither drives the code nor allows checking logs to see if its working correctly. Unit testing is the code which is written, as a good thing sin ce it leads to higher-quality code, higher productivity, and lower maintenance with good evolution costs. The following report will analyze various Unit Testing technologies like JUnit, TestNG and JTiger. (devx.com) JUnit: JUnit is a unit testing method which is simple and open source frame work for regression testing released by IBM under common license version 5.0 and to write and run repeatable tests on the Java programming language it was hosted on the source forge.Junit is a instance of Xunit architecture which was used for unit testing framework , XUnit was developed by Erich Gamma and Kent Beck. Knowledge and Experience gained with JUnit is very use full in developing test driven application development, and due to this knowledge of JUnit is in use in test driven development. JUnit is also ported to other programming languages like PHP, C#,python, Fortran, Perl,and C++. It is used as PHPUnit in PHP, Nunit in C#, PyUnit in Python , fUnit in Fortran , Test::Class and Test ::Unitin Perl and CPPUnit in C++ . All this unit testing frameworks family is collectively reffered as XUnit. Now recently due to the development of new client frameworks like AJAX, Junit has also been developed for use in java script as JSUnit.Junit improves the quality of code and increases the speed of programming. (en.Wikipedia.org) Junit Features include: API for Easily creating Java test Cases Assertions for testing expected results verify expected versus actual result Test fixtures to share test data commonly Test runners to run tests For forums and mailing lists. Aggregating tests (suites) Junit Mechanics: Define a subclass of TestCase. Override the setUp() tearDown()methods. Define one or more public testXXX()methods Exercise the object(s) under test. Asserts the expected results. Define a static suite() factory method Create a TestSuite containing all the tests. Optionally define main() to run the TestCase in batch mode. JUnit Extensions: JUnitReport -Apache Ant extension task -Uses XML and XSLT to generate HTML Cactus -Simple unit testing framework for server side Java coding JWebUnit -Framework for creating acceptance testing for web based applications XMLUnit Provides an XMLTestCase class which enables assertions to be made about the Content and structure of XML MockObject double agent used to test the behavior of other objects Dummy object which mimics the external behavior of a true implementation observes how other objects interact with its methods and compares actual behavior with preset expectations StrutsTestCase testing code based on the Struts framework (javapassion.com) TestNG: TestNG is an annotation-driven Java unit testing framework inspired by JUnit and NUnit which aims to overcome many limitations of JUnit. TestNG isnt just really powerful, innovative, extensible, and flexible; it also illustrates an interesting application of Java Annotations, a great new feature in JDK 5.0. TestNG is designed in such away that it covers all categories in testing like:   unit, functional, end-to-end, integration, etc(testng.org) TestNG Features include: Annotations; no mandatory naming patterns for test methods or extending classes Also Supports Java doc annotations for Java 1.4 Powerful test-fixture set-up and tear-down options JDK 5 Annotations JDK 1.4 also supports JavaDoc annotations. Test configuration is flexible. Data driven testing support using @Data Provider. Parameters support. Distribution of tests in slave systems is allowed. Execution model is much Powerful no need of Test Suite. It is supported many plug-ins and variety of tools like Eclipse, Maven, IDEA, etc. By Embedding with Bean Shell improves flexibility. JDK functions are available by default for logging and runtime. Methods for testing of application server. TestNG Mechanics: Write the business logic of the test and insert TestNG annotations in the code. Adds informations about the test in testng.xml file or in a build.xml (eg. class name etc). Execute TestNG. JTiger: JTiger is a framework for unit testing and has tools for Java 2 Platform. It gives useful abstraction for writing unit test cases and fixtures. Functionalities provided by JTiger is most desired in unit testing of softwares. Generally Test-Driven Development is encouraged by JTiger development, though it is not mandatory, and any unit testing technique in software development is sufficient. Many features of Java Programming Language 1.5 is heavily used by JTiger like Generics, variable argument lists, annotations, etc,. JTiger also encourages users to do documentation of unit test cases and fixtures to give a robust and easy maintain regression harness and unit test. Published and documented API is provided by JTiger frame work if there is a need for extending the functionality. The ability to run the test cases written by using JUint framework is a good example of extending JTiger framework. As a part of JTiger framework JUnit plugin implementation classes are included. (en.Wikipedia.org) JTiger Features include: JTiger makes every effort to ensure a robust unit test harness by providing a rich set of tools, and a reliable, usable framework on which to develop unit test cases. JTiger is an implementation that is based on improvements in software development methodologies, such as eXtreme Programming (XP), which have matured since their inception. JTiger has been implemented using the same techniques that it encourages, specifically, Test Driven Development. JTiger includes its own unit test and regression harness with 100% method coverage. This aids in new or modified requirements for JTiger that arise in the unforeseen future. The JTiger source code base has been designed to ensure the absolute maximum possible amount of decoupling of components and encapsulation such that future enhancements will not have a negative impact on future versions on JTiger. (userdoc.com) JTiger System Requirements: JTiger requires that tests are executed using a Java Virtual Machine version 1.5 or higher. This does not mean that the code under test must be written using Java 1.5 language features. The software under test may target any JVM version such as 1.2, 1.3 or 1.4. It is merely the test run that must execute under a JVM version 1.5. JTiger is capable of executing test cases that have been written using the JUnit test framework. JTiger Extensions: JTiger future development is being investigated. Some of the features and topics that are under review include the development of a swing GUI interface from which to execute unit test cases, the development of IDE (Integrated Development Environment) plugins for Eclipse, and Intellij IDEA, and the possibility of a mock objects package that mocks J2SE and J2EE core classes. (userdoc.com) Testing Of Java Language Recommended By Other Companies: Microsoft Java Virtual Machine Support: To be familiar with the need is to afford a smooth evolution for present users of the Mi crosoft ® Java Virtual Machine (MSJVM), Sun Microsystems and Microsoft have agreed to widen Microsofts license to use Suns Java source code along with their compatibility test cases and the test suites. (microsoft.com) Open Quality Program to Improve the Quality of Java Software: Agitar: This Software has declared a new multi-vendor scheme committed to take very careful attention on the testing side to improve the efficiency and the quality of java software packages. Based on the Open Quality Program, Agitar software has published a wide range of unit level testing metrics in its own products, It has even including a formal weekly build results on its future unannounced new products and the new trends over time. The Agitar software has also published these software testing metrics for many popular open source software Java projects, which including JUnit, Hibernate, Cruise Control, Struts, spring, and even lot of other commercial products which is based on the open source s uch as the Oracles BerkeleyDB Java edition and JasperSofts JasperServer. (qthreads.com) Recent Testing News on upcoming Java products: Java Graphical User Interface Testing Tool Known as Squish is Supporting the New Eclipse Ganymede version 3.4 Five weeks Two days ago(2008-07-08) Germany BasedHamburg( froglogic GmbH )has announced today , to give support for automated the testing of new Java Rich Client Platform the RCP applications which is based on the new Eclipse version 3.4 release code that is named as Ganymede. The Squish GUI for Java is a leading functional Graphical User Interface and also regression testing tool which is enabling the execution, creation and Modification of automated Graphical User Interface tests for Java programming on AWT/Swing and SWT/RCP applications. The Squish GUI, and all the other all tests created with this, are completely made as cross-platform software and work on almost all the top leading operating systems like the Windows Operating Systems, Linux Operating Systems, Unix Operating Systems, and Mac Operating Systems X and even also on the embedded Linux. The support for testing Eclipse Version 3.4 the latest one, RCP Software applications has been completed and it is also available wi th the just newly released GUI Squish version 3.4. The availability of the third party tools, like the Graphical User Interface testing tools, is very important for the open source Eclipse community to increase it demand. The resent glad news is to see froglogic has very quickly adopting the new Eclipse version releases with its Testing GUI Squish tool, said Mr. Mike Milinkovich, Who is the Executive Director of the Company Eclipse Foundation. The new Ganymede version release is said to be another very important and great release of the Company Eclipse community which has make it even more easy, attractive and flexible for the application developers who uses it. The Quickly integrated support for testing tools on Eclipse software version 3.4 applications with the new GUI Squish tool has been a new and great logical step for the company, said Mr. Harri Porten, platform chief of froglogics company. Squish software offers a multipurpose testing based framework for Graphical User Interf ace (GUI) applications with a base choice of the popular test scripting languages like Perl , Python, Tcl, TSL and JavaScript, VBScript extended by the new test specific functions scripts, lot of new open interfaces, many add-ons, with integrations to the test management tools, a new powerful Integrated Development Environment (IDE) aiding the selecting, creation and finally debugging of the tests and a collection of command line testing tools and the test management integrations facilitating the fully automated test runs on the applications. Contact email: [email  protected]/* */ or visit the URL: www.froglogic.com/squish to get an evaluation pack or to purchase the GUI Squish for the java Application or to know more about the product. Squish GUI tool also supports automated testing of java applications based on GUI technologies like as Trolltechs Qt, Swing-AWT, and Qtopia, also supports Web technologies DOM, HTML, AJAX, DHTML Mac OS X Carbon/Cocoa , JavaScript and other technol ogies also. (embedded-computing.com) JAVA‘S ENCOURAGEMENT IN TESTING: Todays software manufacturers face a variety of challenges when creating products to meet the increasing demand for software that takes advantage of Java technology. The growing complexity and diversity of softwares—with their varying operating systems, processors, and memory configurations—increases the need for thorough testing to ensure customers will be satisfied. At the same time, service providers and manufacturers face the challenge of managing—and, if possible, lowering—internal costs caused by excessive engineering overhead, disorganized development of test cases, or the impact of new data services on support operations. The Java software Test Suite simplifies quality assurance and reduces time-to-market for Java implementations by providing comprehensive tests and a robust test manager. These enable suite users to evaluate, validate, and verify the quality of imple mentations on particular software. The Java Test Suite that helps the software manufacturers ensures their reputation for quality, while building customer satisfaction and loyalty. It helps lower engineering costs by standardizing and simplifying testing, and by minimizing the need to write quality assurance tests manually. Java is free and open. So java Testing is an important part of software development because of Open Source Testing Tools which are available in Java for an Effective testing key factor which reduces the total cost of maintenance of any application over its lifetime. Because of the reduced cost and time of development; this can increase savings on quality assurance and of course on sustaining. Without knowing when to invest in better design, in post development quality assurance, in manual tests or in automatic testing forms a basic difference between successful and unsuccessful software projects in these tough and competitive days. (newsgroups.derkeiler.com) S uns Recommendation for testing Java: Testing Java in an Object-Oriented Way To apply eXVantage (a tool suite for code coverage testing, debugging, performance profiling, etc.) to a large, complex Java application at the implementation and unit testing phases in Avaya. Two open source-based tools that can help to generate workloads for the enterprise application: SLAMD Distributed Load Generation Engine and Sun Java Studio Enterprise software. Container-Free Testing With Mockrunner Fitnesse Testing for Fast-Paced Agile Web Development JUnit Reloaded Using In-Process Testing Metrics to Estimate Software Reliability ECLIPSE IN JAVA SOFTWARE TESTING: Eclipse is a very widely used Open Source Integrated Development Environment (IDE), particularly for Java- and Web-based applications. Its very widely extensible with the use of scores of plugins available to help in developing these applications, so here I would like to discuss some of the plugins available for software testing. Eclipse TPTP (an evolution of Eclipses prior Hyades project) is an Open Source collaborative project that seeks to provide a common platform upon which specialized, differentiated, and interoperable offerings for software test and performance tools are created. TPTP, which stands for Test and Performance Tools Platform, supplies extensible frameworks and services for test and performance tools that are used throughout the application lifecycle, from development through production. It also delivers extensible exemplary tools that verify the utility of, illustrate the appropriate use of, and support the development and ma intenance of the platform itself. (freshmeat.net) TPTP This provides a reference implementation of the recent UML2 Testing Profile based upon the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF). For logging and tracing, TPTP employs the Common-Base-Event (CBE) Format, which defines the structure of events in a unifying format. Data pools are a concept which appears to be innovative for testing in Eclipse. A datapool contains data usable during a test run. Data pools are stored in a comma-separated file and can be displayed as an Excel-alike data sheet. Test cases can load datapools in the setUp() method and use the dedicated iterations to retrieve cell values for evaluation purposes. Separating test data from the tests themselves appears to be new functionality. Test Deployment requires the allocation of test artifacts to test locations. These locations can also be workbench locations. Through the concept of service abstraction, the Automatable services framework introduces a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) concept to TPTP. The framework introdu ces a layered architecture in which a client at a lower layer employs a model adapter to employ a service provided at a higher layer. Automation Client Adapters allow normal Java programs to consume Eclipse services. These adapters can launch a headless Eclipse from a specified Eclipse home, and are available through the tptp-automation-client jar. Various properties are made available through this API (e.g., the project property specifying a specific project in the workspace of the Eclipse instance). (freshmeat.net) Solex Web Application Testing with Eclipse Solex is a free open source Web application testing tool built as a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE. It provides functions to record a client session adjust it according to various parameters and replay it later typically in order to ensure non regression of the applications behaviour (with stress testing capabilities being added at a later stage). By recording, we mean that Solex acts as an HTTP proxy and records all HTTP requests and responses going through the wire between a Web client (eg. a Web browser) and a Web server. The task of replaying a scenario consists in sending the previously recorded and eventually customized HTTP requests to the server and asserting each response. Solex 0.5.0 works with Eclipse Release 2.1.2, Build id: 200311030802 and Solex 0.5.3 works with Eclipse Release 3.1.1, Build id: M20050929-0840. (Solex.com) Unit testing Checking of the Developed Project, Programmers write unit tests to verify their own code. Unit testing vary from integration testing, which works well together, and acceptance testing, works according to the customers requirements. Unit testing is the testing mechanism which is used to test a single unit of code. In the case of Java, a unit testing that frequently connects to a distinct class. A unit test is fully automatic, non interactive, and dual ie, it moreover succeeds or be unsuccessful. By executing the code and verifying the output is not a testing. Neither instead of writing a small â€Å"test driver† that neither drives the code nor allows checking logs to see if its working correctly. Unit testing is the code which is written, as a good thing since it leads to higher-quality code, higher productivity, and lower maintenance with good evolution costs. (devx.com) Unit Testing in Eclipse Using JUnit Unit Testing in Eclipse 3.1 move towards through the JUnit mechanism which was constructed in the Workplace. Eclipse permits a quick creation of test case class and also to provide a testing suite class to write the testing codes in. By means of Eclipse, we use a Test Driven Development (TDD) which suit for a very simple mechanism to systematize and implement. The class which we wanted to test is created at 1st and so that the Eclipse finds a class that is underneath test and construct the test case class. The test cases are constructed with the desired trade in and expansion for JUnit to Execute. The test case classes are constructed with the real test case and then it is coded in through the programmer. The formation of test suite in Eclipse is still simpler. By designing a test suite, Eclipse will specify a name for specifying all of the test cases in the scope of the project. The code is to Execute test suites and to add test cases in the created software is added to the test s uites. (open.ncsu.edu) JUnit Naming Convention: Testing Cases and Classes: Named with [classnames]First.java, hear classname is being tested for the classnames. Testing Cases with Test Methods: Name test [methodnames], where methodnames are the method name to test. Applying Test Suites: Eclipse which has a default name as First.java It is a well known thought-out for a good performance in testing, and to split the test case code from the application code. It is also a good idea which is to separate the JUnit and FIT tests as well. (open.ncsu.edu) EMPIRICAL i.e. STATISTICS AND NON-EMPIRIC TESTING: Empirical testing: Similar to theoretical tests, there is one more test called empirical test; which is being done by computers. As per the computer point of view ‘empirical means ‘experiments with certain PRNG. The generator itself is treated as black box; only the sequence of PRNs is generated and is taken for evaluating the test statistic. In order to find the empirical test, one has to implement the PRNG and the test statistic. The limitations of empirical testing are commonly proposed by the amount of time and memory needed due to the complexity of the computations. (random.mat.sbg.ac.at) Non-empirical testing: Non-empirical testing deals with non-parametric statistical models and non-p arametric inference, including non-parametric statistical tests. Nonparametric methods which are often referred as distribution free methods, since they do not rely on assumptions in which the data are drawn from a given probability distribution. Non-parametric statistic can be explained as a statistic (a function on a sample) whose interpretation does not depend on the population fitting any parameterized distributions. The example for one such statistic is order statistics; which plays a vital role in many non-parametric approaches. (en.wikipedia.org) Applications and purpose: For studying populations that has been taken on a ranked order (such as movie reviews receiving one to four stars) is called Non-parametric methods. The uses of non-parametric methods may be necessary, when the data has a ranking but no clear numerical interpretation, such as when assessing the preferences. Usually non-parametric methods make fewer assumptions; other than the parametric methods, depend s upon their applicability. In particular, they may be applied in situations where less is known about the application in question. Non-parametric methods are more robust due to the reliance on fewer assumptions and simplicity. Non-parametric methods may be easier to use in certain cases, when the use of parametric methods is justified. As per some statisticians, non-parametric methods are not useful because of their simplicity and greater robustness leading to leave less room for improper use and misunderstanding. (en.wikipedia.org) Recommendations: Example of a JAVA Based Application: The Table below represents an example security standard for a Java application; and mentions the type of software testing used in each controls. These Kind of security standard in applications will define how exactly the application security functionalities will behave. TYPE Questions Unit Integration Acceptance Input Validation Whether all the user inputs are proper in length and data type? X X X Authorization of Application Whether the application properly controls the accessing privileges? X X Storage Whether authentication privileges are stored securely? X Manipulation Whether application enforces its access controls? X X Special Characters Whether special characters are handled securely? X X X Error Messages Whether error message generic? X X Legacy data Whether data are removed? X It is clear that the Above Types can be tested more on using functional than, integration testing techniques. Lesser security functionality is tested by Unit tests, as lot of security functionality are provided in other modules like, web server and web container. The following sections will provide more details on performing security based tests in unit test, integration test and acceptance test: Testing in Unit Tests: Testing of classes and methods individually provides a best approach to functionality testing of codes. A unit test has to be performed on classes and methods individually without a any dependency on the other methods and classes. This issue gives limitation to the types of security tests which has to be performed, Hence this is going to test is going to be executed in very early stage of the development process. Testing Independently: Unit tests should only depends on the single independent class and it should not depend on Composition class or any base classes Testing Vulnerability: The number of security Types that are been verified by using the unit tests depends mainly on the security services implemented in that application. Input Validation Testing Example: Validating the user Phone Number sample code using java and JUnit framework public class AccountValidation extends TestCase { private AccountDetail accd = null; private Exception errors = null; public AccountValidation (String nametest) { super(nametest); } public static Test suite() { TestSuite tsuite = new TestSuite(AccountValidation.class); return tsuite; } public void setUpACC() { accd = new AccountDetail (); validator = new AccountValidator(); errors = new Exception(acc, Account); } public void ValidPhoneNumbers() { //Test On valid input String num = 3333232321; accd.setPhone(number); validatord.validated(acc, errors); assertFalse(num+ validation error., error.hasFieldError(phone)); } When security functionality are tested it is becomes most important that all the inputs data accepted are validated, and also that rejecting and handling the invalid data. And also testing the boundary exception and unexpected conditions exception is important for the security tests Discu ssion: Though security tests are implemented at the Unit level it is advisable to perform the same test at the integration and acceptance level as the tests are executed the early stages of development cycle. And many security issues in web application are not visible at single class level. Testing in Integration Tests Integration test is used to test the functionalities of collaborating classes including functionalities given by application servers. It is done by Mock objects or running test within container. There is major benefit in container testing as it test the security services provided within the container like encryption access control. More security controls can be tested in integration testing than unit testing. Testing Strategies: In general there are two ways of achieving integration test; one is by using mock objects to give mock implementation of application server Application Programming Interface and other one is by incontainer test. Specific tools f or specific containers are required for incontainer testing. Apache Cactus and TESTARE are popular choices for J2EE. Apache Cactus: Apache Cactus is a major testing tool for in-container testing of Java applications. It supports for add-ons for Ant, Eclipse, Maven and Jetty. The main disadvantage is that the container has to be started and stopped for running the test. This will take more time for running large J2EE containers. Managed Access Control Testing Examples: Verify the user access privilege sample code using java and Integrated Tests public class TestPrivControl extends TestCase { public TestPrivControl(String theName) { super(theName); } public static Test suite() { return new TestSuite(TestPrivControl.class); } public void beginAdminPrivControl(Request theRequest) { theRequest.setAuthentication(new BasicAuthentication(admin, admin)); } public void testAdminPrivControl() throws IOException, Exception { AdminServletRp admin = new AdminServletRp(); admin.doGet(request, response); } public void endAdminPrivControl(Response tResponse) throws IOException { int position = tResponse.getText().indexOf(Welcome administrator); assertTrue(Administrator can view admin, position); assertTrue(false, false); } public void testUnauthenticatedPrivControl() throws IOException, Exception { AdminServletRp admin = new AdminServletRp(); admin.doGet(request, response); } public void endUnauthenticatedPrivControl(Response tResponse) throws IOException { assertTrue(users must not be able to access admin, tResponse.getStatusCode() == 401); } public void beginUnprivilegedUserPrivControl(Request theRequest) { theRequest.setAuthentication(new BasicAuthentication(user, password)); } public void testUnprivilegedUserPrivControl() throws IOException, Exception { AdminServletRp admin = new AdminServletRp(); admin.doGet(request, response); } public void endUnprivilegedUserPrivControl(Response tResponse) throws IOException { assertTrue(Normal users must not be able to access admin, } } Discussion: Security vulnerabilities are more in integration layer and security features in the application are exposed and can be tested. Some security test performed in integration layer includes Access Control test, Authentication bypass test. Incontainer testing is most efficient form of integration testing as testing is done on application server. Testing in Acceptance Tests Acceptance testing i s an automated form of Quality Assurance testing and it is performed in the whole application, this makes testing of all security functions in applications. There is no wide test coverage like integrating testing or unit testing. This is more suitable for QA testers than programmers. Testing tools: There are many testing tools available; for Java based testing tools mainly uses HTTP functions given by J2SE API to handle the test. The popular tools like jWebUnit , HtmlUnit are used for testing. HTML injection Testing with jWebUnit: sample code using html injection public class SearchFieldTestXX extends WebTestCase { public SearchFieldTestXX(String name) { super(name); } public void setUp() throws Exception { getTestContext().settoBaseUrl(https://localhost:8080/data/); } public void htmlInjectionmethod() throws Exception { beginAt(/home.html,/index.html); assertLinkPresentWithTextin(Enter the Store data); clickLinkWithTextin(Enter the Store Data); CONCLUSION: The use of Testing in java technologies will increase in the coming years and all the latest Testing technologies that can be implemented in Java across the world. Javas use in timetabling system has shown that it is a useful tool for teaching software engineering concepts. The Java plugin for Eclipse should allow students to begin using Java more easily. It displays the results found by Java within Eclipse and allows students to quickly jump to the relevant location in the source code where each problem is found. Any tools, like Java, that can help te ach students the importance of creating secure and reliable software should be a strong component of any software engineering. REFERENCES: https://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/des_s99/sw_testing.html (online) [Accessed on 04th August 2008] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUnit (Online) [Accessed on 04th August 2008]. 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